Wind turbines Bane or Boon Essay Example

Wind turbines: Bane or Boon Essay A driving inspiration in the journey for the revelation is the truth that the customary wellsprings of vitality, for example, petroleum derivatives, coal and such, will in the end be depleted (Think Quest, 1998). The present use for wind turbine innovation is at an anticipated 20 percent commitment to the force needs of the United States (Randall Swisher, 2006). Additionally, wind turbine innovation doesn't discharge any of the poisonous gases and ozone harming substances ascribed to the utilization of non-renewable energy sources (Ian Callis, 2006). Be that as it may, as expressed prior, the utilization of wind innovation brings with it an assortment of disadvantages.Though wind power doesn't create the contamination that is related with the conventional utilization of petroleum derivatives, the utilization of wind turbines can have wrecking on the territories occupants living around the plant site (Think Quest, 1998). The bigger breeze turbines are outfitted with long cutting edges , or the alleged â€Å"egg-beater† type (Think Quest, 1998). These edges can match 45 meters (148 feet), making the turn distance across reach up to 300 feet, or 90 meters (Wolfe Island Residents for the Environment). These enormous sharp edges represent a peril to the winged creatures that cross the ways of the turbines, as the area of these turbines are in the immediate way of the transient courses of certain feathered creatures (Think Quest, 1998).This condition exists since the turbines need a high measure of wind for their effective activity (Think Quest, 1998). Like sun powered force, wind turbine vitality activities are not so productive (Walter Youngquist, 2000). For the ideal breeze vitality offices, the areas of these breeze cultivates for the most part are arranged in the territories where the air goes in the middle of the slopes (Youngquist, 2000). Additionally, the development period of the breeze homestead can end up being unfavorable to the untamed life in the region (Jack Green (International) Pty Ltd, 2005).The worry over winged creature setbacks concern the occasion that these may be slaughtered or harmed when they interact with the sharp edges of the turbines (Jack Green, 2005). These likewise antagonistically sway on the movement, rearing and settling examples of avian untamed life, since these do influence the accessibility of common environment and transmit clamors that are destructive to the winged animals (Jack Green, 2005). With danger of these breeze turbines making more losses the avian untamed life, two United States Congressmen from West Virginia, Alan Mollohan and Nick Rahall, have mentioned the General Accounting Office to lead an investigation on the unfavorable impacts of the turbines on the state (James Taylor, 2004).Another concern is the support expenses of these offices. Generally speaking, the standard rate is that the measure of the framework being introduced, state $400 dollars, one percent of that sum must be sav ed for activity and upkeep costs for the existence pattern of the framework (Mick Sagrillo, 2002).â So, on the off chance that the expense of establishment races to around $50,000, at that point the expenses for the year would add up to $500 (Sagrillo, 2002). The biggest measure of slowed down activity time for wind turbines has to do with gearbox harm (Gerald Munson).It is increasingly obvious when one little bearing flops in the turbine. In the event that an orientation costing $ 1,500 breaks, this could bring about significant costs, similar to the requirement for a gearbox substitution costing about $100,000, $50,000 to rewind the generator, and paying $70,000 for a crane to get to the turbine itself (Munson). Just for one turbine and the expense heightens if the turbine is situated seaward (Munson). Unfortunately, the truth of the matter is that around 6 out of 10 turbines in the United States are behind support plans (Renewable Energy Sources, 2008).The primary factor to con sider in the development of a breeze office would be the lack of quality of a consistent flexibly of twist (Clean Energy Ideas, 2008). Under these conditions, sunlight based or geothermal activities can be considered as another option (Clean, 2008). Additionally, a few nations have forced an assessment on sustainable power source, making their costs higher than nations that have put resources into other increasingly customary elective types of vitality age (Nuclear Info, 2008). Accordingly, the commitment impacts of wind as a practical vitality elective is as yet viewed as insignificant contrasted with that of oil (Youngquist, 2000).;

Investment on Research and Development †Free Samples to Students

Question: Talk about the Investment on Research and Development. Answer: Presentation: Key vision has consistently been a critical piece of authoritative presentation and improvement. The vital vision depends on the supervisory crews aspiration to accomplish the ideal objectives and execution greatness. So as to accomplish the business supportability and long haul gainfulness the supervisory crew of the Magic Pixel Company is intending to embrace progressively powerful vital vision. The companys administration of giving HD cameras to its proficient clients reflects in their vision that says Inspire the World. In the time of advanced upset, the regularly improving computerized innovations give the organization extraordinary open doors as they improve their items with the assistance of those advances. The Magic Pixel Companys leading body of officials has chosen the vision as they concentrated on the persuasive and rousing intensity of the vision explanation towards the objective of accomplishing vital destinations and benefit. Enchantment Pixel Company could likewise pr ofit by guaranteeing more comes back to its partners by giving creative and excellent items to its clients. For Magic Pixel it is imperative to execute a system that gives their clients esteem for cash so as to accomplish their objectives Magic Pixel Company could accomplish the objective not by simply meeting the client desires however offering them more than their assumptions about the exhibition, quality, administrations and additional highlights. The organization could execute different new systems to build up their administrations and budgetary advantages. The retail activities of Magic Pixel could be extended by the organization with incredible significance and their claim to fame deals could be expanded too. The business activity of The Magic Pixel Company can be improved through presenting new items and new disseminating channels. Enchantment Pixel could improve their innovative work program by contributing more as this will guarantee future inventive items and increment the ir intensity. End: As greater speculation on Research and Development will urge our group to create more up to date and better items in a market where contenders are occupied with consistent advancement, our group has chosen to put away more cash on RD. The group intends to build the use by 20000 dollars for UAV drones and 30000 dollars in real life catch cameras. The organization tries to expand normal discount cost to their business advancements, publicizing financial plans, retailers and guarantee period so as to upgrade their advertising systems for those two sorts of camera.

Is It Weird Weather or Climate Change (extreme weather) Assignment

Is It Weird Weather or Climate Change (outrageous climate) - Assignment Example The episode provoked 11,000 occupants in towns that circumscribed the waterway to stop to safe spots and a portion of their ventures encountering misfortunes. The flooding additionally obliterated property and horticulture, which approximated to $2million. Corps and other guide offices like FEMA interceded in containing the circumstance in differing ways, which included banishing people in general from utilizing a few scaffolds and streets that were undependable. Moreover, there involved departure of the region’s inhabitants to security who dwelled in roughly 4,000 homes (Holbrook 18). This threat contrasted with different past occasions that has ever happened in the locale or close by is the most noticeably awful and radiated from a changed atmosphere, which the world is at present encountering. Speculation Missouri River flooding and its antagonistic impacts on the flanking inhabitants means that an environmental change that is persistently delineating itself in peculiar fre quencies universally. The pattern may proceed to quicken and respect further calamities if human neglects to modify exercises that meddle with atmosphere, for outline, arrival of Greenhouse Gases to the air (Stromberg and Kuenzi 37). Speculation Evaluation Missouri stream has tributaries that feed it and starts from the rough piles of Montana and Wyoming. ... The state’s six dams due to snowmelt, which enlarged water limit, their records delineated expanded rates even in the midst of the interim long periods of May and June/July. Dam Previous stream Rate Previous Year Record May 1 Flow Rate 2011 May 31 Flow Rate 2011 June/July 2011 Flow Rate Gavis point 70,000 1997 45,000 77,000 160,700 Oahe 60,000 1997 30,000 86,000 160,400 Big Bed 75, 000 1997 21,300 84,000 165,000 Garrison 65,000 1975 17,500 80,500 150,000 Fort Peck 36,000 1975 7,000 9,700 66,000 Fort Randall 67,000 1997 42,500 76,600 158,000 Figure 1: Past Six Dams' Flow rates contrasted with 2011 May - June/July Figure 2: Annual Flow because of environmental change influencing snowmelt. Recovered from http://www.swc.nd.gov/4dlink9/4dcgi/GetContentPDF/PB-2023/Flood%20Presentation.pdf Figure 3: Augmenting water Flow rate. Recovered from http://www.swc.nd.gov/4dlink9/4dcgi/GetContentPDF/PB-2023/Flood%20Presentation.pdf According to the information delineated in this segment, the pattern appears to expand with time, which results to expanded peculiar frequencies. These include floods and other related atmosphere fiascoes activated by expanded snow soften radiating from atmosphere annihilation by Greenhouse Gases. It likewise shows an adjusted inconstancy with time where at certain examples it is eccentric as indicated by the then News’ reports. Cultural Relevance Discussion Environmental negative effects regularly come to pass for society, which at numerous events may not know about what may come full circle after certain ecological debasements (Stromberg and Kuenzi 37). This is because of oblivious and once in a while deceptions particularly from the important specialists like the climate conjecture.

buy custom Effects of High Price on Foods essay

purchase custom Effects of High Price on Foods article Presentation The significance of food to people wellbeing is very boundless particularly sound nourishments like vegetables and natural products. Notwithstanding different nourishments like proteins and starches vegetables and organic products have a vital incentive to human wellbeing as they give nutrient C. These supplements are fundamental to the human wellbeing as they shield them from a few maladies like malignancy, visual perception issues, and some more. This paper tries to set up the primary clarifications with respect to why the expense of more beneficial nourishments, for example, foods grown from the ground continue expanding in the market. Costs of products increment, and this expansion happen because of different reasons, and that is the thing that this paper tries to decide. The firm increment in costs of all items has made it harder for individuals to pick nourishments that are more beneficial in the stores. A significant viewpoint in attempting to take care of a family is guaranteeing that they have solid and nutritious nourishments, and therefore, the subject of increment in costs of food is a basic subject. Individuals wherever care about the subject and henceforth in this paper we will distinguish a portion of the reasons that lead to the expansion of food costs. This paper targets thinking of the reasons and clarification for the expansion of food costs particularly the solid ones like products of the soil. These clarifications and reasons will be from different examines done by other concerned gatherings and recorded in auxiliary sources, for example, books. In explore, data can be from essential or auxiliary sources. Essential wellsprings of data include direct data acquired utilizing meetings, surveys, and perception. Auxiliary data is from books, electronic database, and magazines among different records. In this paper, the majority of the data was from books. We presently center around the clarification that different financial analysts and others have come up as the purpose behind the expansion in the expense of solid nourishments. Gracefully and request The primary explanation that most financial specialists and scientists credit to the expansion of food costs particularly the solid ones like products of the soil is their interest. One of the significant principles in financial matters is that costs of wares will consistently decide the interest and flexibly of these products in the market. Products of the soil are solid nourishments whose request is all as the year progressed. Taking into account that these nourishments are regular and just develop in various pieces of the nation once every year, the sellers despite everything need to stock the stores with these food sources. This steady interest of foods grown from the ground forces a financial strain on the on the providers. Consequently, the providers mirror these expenses on the purchaser. In contrast with different nourishments which are high in calories, products of the soil will in general increment in costs relying upon the season. During high season when their creation is at its pinnacle the costs will be moderately steady, at the same time, when the season switches the costs go up. Their interest being consistent and doesn't change with the season, the providers will build their costs so as to conceal for the expenses of acquiring stock from places where they are in season. This value variance will be reflected in both local and global markets. At the point when the new foods grown from the ground are not in season their gracefully diminishes. Diminishing in flexibly prompts an expansion in costs of the nourishments. In this way, gracefully and request of leafy foods essentially influences their costs. Climatic issues There have been numerous noteworthy variables which impact the amount of products of the soil vegetables and a dangerous atmospheric devation is one of them. This has had negative climatic impacts that have harmed the creation of these nourishments consequently lessening their gracefully. Increasing speed of costs comes subsequently ofthe rising weight on ranch food creation. The decrease in yields are because of a worldwide temperature alteration, which is being harm by tainting of the environment; the quality has diminished by 60 percent as per ADB (2008) the nations yield has declined because of poor climatic conditions. The issue of liberated from ozone depleting substance discharge is rising the earths temperature whereby the results for the most part follows on softening icy masses, more precipitation, and in a general sense change in periods of creation. The quickening pace of environmental change, joined with the overall population and salary development, undermines food security around the world. Agribusiness, which is in direct association with the creation of foods grown from the ground, is especially defenseless against environmental change. Higher temperatures diminish the yields of this produce as the temperatures give an opportunity to irritations and weed expansion. Contrasts in precipitation designs increment the odds of short-run crop deficiencies and since a long time ago run creation decreases. Despite the fact that there will be an expansion in certain yields in certain pieces of the world, the general impacts of environmental change on expected of agribusiness to be negative, undermining worldwide food security. Environmental change is additionally squeezing water supplies for rural creation of vegetables and natural products, changing stream streams, and its accessibility. Water is getting hard to get: in this way, costly worldwide interest for water has significantly increased over the most recent couple of years and restricted use ground water supplies in the USA. The effect of climatic change has unfavorably sway on profitability of vegetables creation and causes interruption both in the long haul and present moment. This effect is apparent in the low gracefully of these nourishments in zones where the creation was very high. Vitality costs Another explanation behind the expansion in the costs of solid nourishments is the cost the makers and sellers bring about to carry these food sources to the market or stores. Sound nourishments involve leafy foods and these are transient and occasional merchandise. The primary cost that one brings about while managing nourishments is the vehicle cost. The transportation of these products of the soil winds up reflecting in the general expense. This transportation can be from abroad as these nourishments are not locally accessible. A large portion of the natural products are imports from different nations and transportation will include implies like delivery, air transport, and railroad transport. A large portion of these methods for transport are remarkably costly, be that as it may, they are the most proper ones. For instance, the transportation of certain organic products from different countries utilizing the delivery methods for transport can be costly as it requires the refriger ation of the merchandise. These refrigeration types of gear are costly, and the transporters are the ones bringing about the expense. Transport includes the utilization of fuel in all implies that are being used for instance, dispatching, air travel, street and so forth. Vitality costs influence all degree of the food creation area. In contemporary records oil costs, in abundance, has expanded from $110 per barrel and which has cost all through the advertising chain. High oil costs increment the intensity in food creation particularly in vegetable and organic products creation. Post collect misfortune Post reap misfortune is another huge clarification to the expansion in of costs of solid nourishments. Post reap misfortune alludes to the loss of the produce after its gathering. This happens generally to farming items, and the solid nourishments in center are horticultural items. During collecting, misfortunes happen in various ways. First the organic products can be collected when they are ready and, in this manner, need master stockpiling before they get to the market. This is regularly difficult to the ranchers as they come up short on the storerooms. Thusly, they experience a few misfortunes of the items and this lose is regularly acquired by buyers of the produce. Another collecting misfortune happens when the produce are influenced by ailments and nuisances. Organisms and microscopic organisms are sicknesses, which cause these misfortunes of foods grown from the ground as are the infection maladies, normal in developing harvests. It is portrayed by serious nearness of gaps makes which makes contaminated, natural product to be unusable. This is regularly the aftereffect of irritation of foods grown from the ground in the field before reap. Quality whipping happens when the disease influences just the highest point of the natural products. Likewise, skin flaws may decrease the deal cost yet don't make the natural product terrible, and unpalatable items. Parasitic and bacterial maladies spread by little spores, which disseminate noticeable all around and earth and by means of rotting plant material. Contamination after outcome can happen at any occasion. It is generally the aftereffect of collecting or taking care of wounds. These post reap misf ortunes costs are reflected in the selling cost of the produce which is ordinarily high. Post gather misfortune has been a difficult issue which comes as a result of different reasons, fluctuating from developing conditions to dealing with at the retail level. Not exclusively are these misfortunes a waste, they now and again comprise a homogeneous maltreatment of human endeavors, employments, rare asset, for example, water, and ventures. Foods grown from the ground vegetables hold a high extent of water. Loss of water content subsequent to collecting by foods grown from the ground generally cause shrinkage and loss of request for the agrarian items. The rate at which they lose water, natural products for the most part rely upon verdant vegetables, which forestall water rapidly on the grounds that they have slender skin pores. The pace of misfortune identifies with the contrast between the water fume pressure inside the products of the soil and noticeable all around. Be that as it may, whatever the result, to advance food or capacity account the expense of water trouncing must be insignificant. The most essential element is the proportion of the outside territory of the organic product or vegetable to its volume. Early gathering of leafy foods typically happens in order to stay away from additional expenses on transportation. Moving completely ready produce prompts additional expenses as it will require extensive storerooms to keep the collect new and consumable. Furthermore, transportation of ready items prompts the creation of incredibly darn

Communications Theories - 1100 Words

Communications Theories (Essay Sample) Content: Student’s Name: Tutor’s Name: Course: Date Due: Communication theories Introduction Communication is the conveyance of information. Communication is a critical aspect for human existence. Communications could be formal and informal. Irrespective of the nature of communication, one has to sieve information that comes across them. Media is a vital tool in communication, which could both be beneficial and harmful at the same time. Question one Mass communication theories have varied from the nineteenth century to the current. Mass communication varied as large factories, and urban centers were developed. Traditional mass communication theorists blamed industrialization as being responsible for disrupting peaceful, rural communities and forcing people to live in slum areas in order to work in large factories. As a result, mass media symbolized everything wrong with the urban life in the 19th century (Baran responsible for monopoly creation through exploit ation of natural resources (Baran & Davis, 36). These people were feared, and some were denounced as robbers since they used dubious trade practices to amass wealth. The social change brought along the progression though high prices were paid for such change. Workers were ill-treated, urban slums emerged, and vast tracks of backwoods were ruined. Media was among the technologies that shaped the modern era. For an industrial order to be maintained by then, there was the need for fast and efficient distribution of information. The new media like telegraphs and telephone was first acquired by the media and later by the public (Baran & Davis, 34). How mass society fitting today is characterized by observance to empiricist and positivist epistemologies of the media. Media is able to extend the democratic process through views circulation. In the present, the media are assumed capable of providing transparent reflection of reality since language is transparent. Reflection could be a reflection of events (news), popular culture or morality and art in reflected by film and literature. All individuals are deemed to have the same opportunity for observation in the current media. Question three Propaganda theory involves the no-holds- banned use of communication to propagate particular beliefs and anticipations. The goal of propaganda theory is changing the way people act and leave them to believe such actions are voluntary, and the opinions underlying the newly adopted decisions are their own. Propagandists first change the way people envisage themselves and their social world (Baran & Davis, 78). Lasseell’s theory of propaganda blends ideas from behaviorism and Freudianism pessimistic visions of media, and their position in forging modern social orders. Lasswell advocates that the power of propaganda is not the result of substance or appeal of certain messages, but it is a result of vulnerability of minds of moderate people. According to him, escalating d epression and fiscal despair induce widespread fixation, which makes most people susceptible to even crude forms of propaganda (Baran & Davis, 87). Average Individuals turn to propaganda for reassurance, whenever confronted by powerful threats in their personal lives. He further says that, democracy has fatal laws, as it seeks to locate truths and make choices through openly conducted debates. The institute of propaganda advocated for a democratic propaganda, which could be used to combat the skepticism generated by propaganda analysis. Since people are gullible and systematically manipulated, they need reassurance from the elite experts who understand the propaganda phenomenon, and develop concepts to deal with it. According to the institute, people need to be subjected to good propaganda (Baran & Davis, 89). Question four Normative theory of social responsibility is a modification of the free press theory, placing considerable emphasis upon media accountability to the society. The theory advocates that media are free, and thus should accept responsibilities to serve the public interest. This means ensuring compliance with these responsibilities through self regulation or public intervention. Major aspects of normative theory of social responsibility are the different traditions in the diverse socio cultural contexts, just like there are different traditions of democracy in different cultures. Africa and Asia regions may develop their own normative traditions of demographic public communications in forms, which are different from those of the Western tradition. The role of normative theory is to e...

Malnutrition in College Campuses - Free Essay Example

Malnutrition is a huge concern among universities across the United States, more specifically for students, staff, faculty, and other lawmakers that surround California State University: San Jose. The World Health Organization defines malnutrition as â€Å"deficiencies, excesses or imbalances in a person’s intake of energy and/or nutrients.† This may be found as a result of eating too little, eating too much, and eating unhealthy foods. Solving this problem in an ethical manner would constitute virtue ethics in which individuals do the right thing, in this case help for the greater good and help properly nourish those fighting malnutrition, while building their character at the same time. People decide what kind of moral compass shape up their beliefs and unite as one in the shape of clubs and organizations to fight for one cause. The Greek Philosopher Aristotle rejected absolutism in regard to ethics and believed that Greek virtue are the skills and opportunities you managed well. To be virtuous is to act with excellence and to discover something’s purpose, and investigate what that thing does best. Therefore, if something performs its function or purpose effectively it is virtuous. When it comes to accomplishing a certain task or a certain goal we must constantly practice the virtue and make it a habit according to Aristotle. Deciding to start living a healthier lifestyle and be a great way of practicing virtue ethics. This would not only benefits ourselves but the people the surround us as well. There’s two forms of virtue, which are moral and intellectual virtues. The moral virtues are when our soul is trying to control desires. Intellectual virtue is when our soul concentrates on intellectual and spiritual matters. With this they are able to learn well, think straight and act accordingly. Moral virtue is determined by the intellectual virtue of wisdom. Then there’s the Golden mean which is discovered through various reasons such as, the concept of moderation, by utilizing the golden mean we can become a good person, and that a moral person knows how to balance what is too much and too little. The actions that are wrong we should avoid but should strive for the ones that are right according to this ethical theory. As a college student it’s definitely hard to have a healthy lifestyle but every action or feeling can be done in the right amount. This ethical theory is criticized of being an ethical relativist because virtue is relative to situation and culture. However, Aristotle says that the virtues are universally there, soft universalism is a great example of that. They also say that virtues are to vague, that it is so uncertain to say something is the right amount or what to avoid and what not to avoid. When it comes to our health though we know what we should be consuming and what we should not. In order to have a healthier life in the long run we start deciding the right and wrong for our bodies now. They also ask themselves what happens when two virtuous people disagree? Well there’s always a reason why people disagree but that is when compromise kicks in. It’s important to recognize that college students are most likely living their first years as independent individuals but unfortunately, this has both its ups and downs especially its huge down one’s diet. These students are open to a pandora box that gives them the option to freely choose what they’ll consume, something that may be influenced by various factors and unfortunately, the healthier alternative typically isn’t the optimal alternative for the student. Often times, it may be much more practical for students to consume foods and drinks that are much more accessible to them such as fast food, grab n’ go junk food, and many other unhealthy choices since it takes much less time to get a hold of these kinds of foods. In the long term, these food choices will ultimately harm students’ bodies as a result of constant consumption. Moreover, this problem may be experienced much more heavier by students living in off-campus housing as their susceptibility to fast food is much greater. It’s much more conventional for them to grab something from a fast food joint as a result of its prep and serve time along with the price tag. In contrast, students opting to cook at home may usually find themselves spending much more time preparing the food, cooking it, and sitting at the table to consume for a most likely bigger cost although this option most likely is a much more healthy one as a result of avoiding the high-fat and high-carbohydrate foods typically found in fast food places such as McDonald’s or Chipotle. Additionally, these foods most likely will contain little to no servings of fruits and vegetables, options that are a huge part of having a balanced meal as a result of its impor tant nutrient properties. Choosing to stick with on-campus food or dining at home may be better for the body as a result of choosing to opt for smaller portions of food. Another dilemma that typically complements malnutrition is that composing food insecurity, which typically plays a big part in students’ performance and participation in the institution. It’s notable that many organizations and programs have made continuous efforts to fight this issue for the future generations of college students in the Silicon Valley. The USDA, the United States Department of Agriculture, defines food insecurity as â€Å"a lack of consistent access to enough food for an active, healthy life.† A tangent related to food insecurity many students might have in relation to this topic is the negligence of the on-campus and off-campus programs and resources available to them. Though this may be as a result of exposure/marketing by these programs, it’s important to note that a bigger role should be played by these organizations to make their voice heard in order to help others. This relates to the virtue ethics as people are willing to help for the greater good but more often than not, their efforts must be increased in order to help those in need of it. Moreover, the topic of this essay relates to combating malnutrition at a local level at California State University: San Jose since combating this problem on a worldwide scale would require much more research and specifics on economies of each governing body and countries around the world. Multiple food opportunities are available to CSU San Jose students to combat the devastating effects of malnutrition on the daily including the Spartan Food Pantry, Just in Time mobile food pantry, and CalFresh application assistance.

How is the US Senate Organized

The Senate is one branch of the United States Congress, which is one of three branches of government.On 4 March 1789, the Senate convened for the first time at New York Citys Federal Hall. On 6 December 1790, Congress began a ten-year residence in Philadelphia. On 17 November 1800, Congress convened in Washington, DC. In 1909, the Senate opened its first permanent office building, which was named in honor of Sen. Richard B. Russell (D-GA) in 1972.Much of how the Senate is organized is enumerated in the US Constitution: The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, for six Years.US Constitution, Article I, Section 3, Clause 1 Great Compromise Constitutional Convention James Madison Federalist papers Immediately after they shall be assembled in Consequence of the first Election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three Classes.US Constitution, Article I, Section 3, Clause 2 100 Senators No Person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty Years, and been nine Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen.US Constitution, Article I, Section 3, Clause 3 The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no Vote unless they be equally divided.US Constitution, Article I, Section 3, Clause 4 constitutional convention The Senate shall chuse their other Officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the Absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the Office of President of the United States.US Constitution, Article 1, Section 3, Clause 5 Vice President Next: Senate: Constitutional Powers The US Constitution enumerates powers held by the Senate. This article examines the power of impeachment, treaty, appointments, war declaration and expulsion of members. The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeachments . . . And no Person shall be convicted without the Concurrence of two thirds of the Members present.US Constitution, Article I, section 3, clause 6 Alexander Hamilton [The President] shall have Powers, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur ...US Constitution, Article II, section 2, clause 2 [The president] shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the supreme Court, and all other Officers of the United States ...US Constitution, Article II, section 2, clause 2 legislative branches Articles of Confederation The Congress shall have Power: To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water...US Constitution, Article 1, Section 8 Each House [of Congress] may determine the Rules of its proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member.US Constitution, Article I, Section 5 filibuster filibuster Vice President Aaron Burr John Hipple Mitchell (R-OR-1905). Mitchell was indicted and convicted of having received fees for expediting the land claims of clients before the U.S. Land Commissioner. An appeal was pending when he died in December 1905. Source: US Senate Joseph R. Burton (R-KS-1906). Burton was convicted in 1904 (and again on appeal in 1906) of illegally receiving compensation for services rendered before a federal department and served five months in prison. He resigned rather than be expelled. Source: US Senate Truman H. Newberry (R-MI-1920). In 1921, Newberry was tried and convicted of election irregularities; the conviction was reversed by the Supreme Court, and, following an investigation, the Senate declared Newberry entitled to his seat but expressed disapproval of the sum spent on his election. In the face of a movement to unseat him, Newberry resigned. Source: US Senate Harrison Williams (D-NJ-1982). Williams was one of the congressional targets in the government operation known as A BSCAM. He was convicted of corruption and served 21 months of a three-year prison term. Rather than be expelled, he resigned his Senate seat on 11 March 1982. Source: US Senate Since 1789, the Senate has expelled only 15 members; 14 were charged with supporting the Confederacy during the Civil War. 1797; William Blount (R-TN). Charge: Anti-Spanish conspiracy; treason. Result: Expelled 1808; John Smith (R-OH). Charge: Disloyalty/Treason Result: Not Expelled 1858; Henry M. Rice (D-MN). Charge: Corruption. Result: Not Expelled. Date: 1861; James M. Mason (D-VA) Charge: Support for Confederate rebellion. Result: Expelled 1861; Robert M.T. Hunter (D-VA). Charge: Support for Confederate rebellion. Result: Expelled 1861; Thomas L. Clingman (D-NC). Charge: Support for Confederate rebellion. Result: Expelled 1861; Thomas Bragg (D-NC). Charge: Support for Confederate rebellion. Result: Expelled 1861; James Chesnut, Jr. (D-SC). Charge: Support for Confederate rebellion. Result: Expelled 1861; Alfred O.P. Nicholson (D-TN). Charge: Support for Confederate rebellion. Result: Expelled 1861; William K. Sebastian (D-AR). Charge: Support for Confederate rebellion. Result: ExpelledNote: On March 3, 1877, the Senate reversed its decision to expel Sebastian. Because Sebastian had died in 1865, his children were paid an amount equal to his Senate salary between the time of his expulsion and the date of his death. 1861; Charles B. Mitchel (D-AR). Charge: Support for Confederate rebellion. Result: Expelled 1861; John Hemphill (D-TX). Charge: Support for Confederate rebellion. Result: Expelled 1861; Louis T. Wigfall (D-TX). Charge: Support for Confederate rebellion. Result: Expelled 1861; John C. Breckinridge (D-KY). Charge: Support for Confederate rebellion. Result: Expelled 1862; Lazarus W. Powell (D-KY). Charge: Support for Confederate rebellion. Result: Not Expelled 1862; Trusten Polk (D-MO). Charge: Support for Confederate rebellion. Result: Expelled 1862; Waldo P. Johnson (D-MO). Charge: Support for Confederate rebellion. Result: Expelled 1862; Jesse D. Bright (D-IN). Charge: Support for Confederate rebellion. Result: Expelled 1862; James F. Simmons (R-RI). Charge: Corruption. Result: Resigned 1873; James W. Patterson (R-NH). Charge: Corruption. Result: Term Expired 1893; William N. Roach (D-ND). Charge: Embezzlement. Result: Not Expelled 1905; John H. Mitchell (R-OR). Charge: Corruption. Result: Not Expelled.Note: Mitchell died on December 8, while his case was still on appeal and before the Senate. 1906; Joseph R. Burton (R-KS). Charge: Corruption. Result: Resigned.Note: Burton was indicted and convicted of receiving compensation for intervening with a federal agency. When the Supreme Court upheld his conviction, he resigned rather than face expulsion. 1907; Reed Smoot (R-UT). Charge: Mormonism. Result: Not Expelled 1919; Robert M. La Follette (R-WI). Charge: Disloyalty (for giving a speech in 1917 opposing US entry into World War I). Result: Not Expelled 1922; Truman H. Newberry (R-MI). Charge: Election fraud. Result: Resigned 1924; Burton K. Wheeler (D-MT). Charge: Conflict of interest. Result: Not Expelled 1934; John H. Overton (D-LA). Charge: Election fraud. Result: No Senate action 1934; Huey P. Long (D-LA). Charge: Election fraud. Result: No Senate action 1942; William Langer (R-ND). Charge: Corruption. Result: Not Expelled 1982; Harrison A. Williams, Jr. (D-NJ). Charge: Corruption (ABSCAM). Result: Resigned 1995; Robert W. Packwood (R-OR). Charge: Sexual misconduct and abuse of power. Result: Resigned the day after the Committee on Ethics issued its recommendation for expulsion. Source: US Senate Censure is a less severe form of discipline than expulsion. Since 1789 the Senate has censured only nine members. January 2, 1811.Timothy Pickering (F-MA). Charge: Reading confidential documents in open Senate session before an injunction of secrecy was removed.Result: Censured. Failed reelection (elected to the House in 1812).Vote: 20-7 May 10, 1844Benjamin Tappan (D-OH)Charge: Releasing to the New York Evening Post a copy of President John Tylers message to the Senate of April 22, 1844 regarding the treaty of annexation between the United States and the Republic of Texas.Result: Censured. Did not run for reelection.Vote: 38-7 February 28, 1902Benjamin R. Tillman (D-SC) and John L. McLaurin (D-SC)Charge: Fighting in the Senate chamber on February 22, 1902.Result: Each was censured and suspended, retroactively, for six days. This incident led to the adoption of Rule XIX governing the conduct of debate in the chamber. Tillman -- reelected; McLaurin -- did not run for reelection.Vote: 54-12; 22 not voting November 4, 1929Hiram Bingham (R-CT)Charge: Employing as a Senate staff member Charles Ey anson, who was simultaneously employed by the Manufacturers Association of Connecticut. Eyanson was hired to assist Bingham on tariff legislation. The issue broadened into the question of the government employing dollar-a-year-men.Result: Condemned for conduct tending to bring the Senate into dishonor and disrepute. Defeated for reelection.Vote: 54-22; 18 not voting December 2, 1954Joseph R. McCarthy (R-WI)Charge: Abuse and non-cooperation with the Subcommittee on Privileges and Elections during a 1952 investigation of his conduct; for abuse of the Select Committee to Study Censure.Result: He was condemned. Died in office.Vote: 67-22 June 23, 1967Thomas J. Dodd (D-CT)Charge: Use of his office (1961-1965) to convert campaign funds to his personal benefit. Conduct unbecoming a senator.Result: Censured. Defeated for reelection.Vote: 92-5 October 11, 1979Herman E. Talmadge (D-GA)Charge: Improper financial conduct (1973-1978), accepting reimbursements of $43,435.83 for official expens es not incurred, and improper reporting of campaign receipts and expenditures.Result: His conduct was denounced as reprehensible and tending to bring the Senate into dishonor and disrepute. Defeated for reelection.Vote: 81-15 July 25, 1990David F. Durenberger (R-MN)Charge: Unethical conduct in connection with his arrangement with Piranha Press, his failure to report receipt of travel expenses in connection with his Piranha Press and Boston area appearances, his structuring of real estate transactions and receipt of Senate reimbursements in connection with his stays in his Minneapolis condominium, his pattern of prohibited communications respecting the condominium, his repeated acceptance of prohibited gifts of limousine service for personal purposes, and the conversion of a campaign contribution to his personal use.Result: Denounced for reprehensible conduct, bringing the Senate into dishonor and disrepute. Did not run for reelection.Vote: 96-0 Source: US Senate