Wind turbines Bane or Boon Essay Example

Wind turbines: Bane or Boon Essay A driving inspiration in the journey for the revelation is the truth that the customary wellsprings of vitality, for example, petroleum derivatives, coal and such, will in the end be depleted (Think Quest, 1998). The present use for wind turbine innovation is at an anticipated 20 percent commitment to the force needs of the United States (Randall Swisher, 2006). Additionally, wind turbine innovation doesn't discharge any of the poisonous gases and ozone harming substances ascribed to the utilization of non-renewable energy sources (Ian Callis, 2006). Be that as it may, as expressed prior, the utilization of wind innovation brings with it an assortment of disadvantages.Though wind power doesn't create the contamination that is related with the conventional utilization of petroleum derivatives, the utilization of wind turbines can have wrecking on the territories occupants living around the plant site (Think Quest, 1998). The bigger breeze turbines are outfitted with long cutting edges , or the alleged â€Å"egg-beater† type (Think Quest, 1998). These edges can match 45 meters (148 feet), making the turn distance across reach up to 300 feet, or 90 meters (Wolfe Island Residents for the Environment). These enormous sharp edges represent a peril to the winged creatures that cross the ways of the turbines, as the area of these turbines are in the immediate way of the transient courses of certain feathered creatures (Think Quest, 1998).This condition exists since the turbines need a high measure of wind for their effective activity (Think Quest, 1998). Like sun powered force, wind turbine vitality activities are not so productive (Walter Youngquist, 2000). For the ideal breeze vitality offices, the areas of these breeze cultivates for the most part are arranged in the territories where the air goes in the middle of the slopes (Youngquist, 2000). Additionally, the development period of the breeze homestead can end up being unfavorable to the untamed life in the region (Jack Green (International) Pty Ltd, 2005).The worry over winged creature setbacks concern the occasion that these may be slaughtered or harmed when they interact with the sharp edges of the turbines (Jack Green, 2005). These likewise antagonistically sway on the movement, rearing and settling examples of avian untamed life, since these do influence the accessibility of common environment and transmit clamors that are destructive to the winged animals (Jack Green, 2005). With danger of these breeze turbines making more losses the avian untamed life, two United States Congressmen from West Virginia, Alan Mollohan and Nick Rahall, have mentioned the General Accounting Office to lead an investigation on the unfavorable impacts of the turbines on the state (James Taylor, 2004).Another concern is the support expenses of these offices. Generally speaking, the standard rate is that the measure of the framework being introduced, state $400 dollars, one percent of that sum must be sav ed for activity and upkeep costs for the existence pattern of the framework (Mick Sagrillo, 2002).â So, on the off chance that the expense of establishment races to around $50,000, at that point the expenses for the year would add up to $500 (Sagrillo, 2002). The biggest measure of slowed down activity time for wind turbines has to do with gearbox harm (Gerald Munson).It is increasingly obvious when one little bearing flops in the turbine. In the event that an orientation costing $ 1,500 breaks, this could bring about significant costs, similar to the requirement for a gearbox substitution costing about $100,000, $50,000 to rewind the generator, and paying $70,000 for a crane to get to the turbine itself (Munson). Just for one turbine and the expense heightens if the turbine is situated seaward (Munson). Unfortunately, the truth of the matter is that around 6 out of 10 turbines in the United States are behind support plans (Renewable Energy Sources, 2008).The primary factor to con sider in the development of a breeze office would be the lack of quality of a consistent flexibly of twist (Clean Energy Ideas, 2008). Under these conditions, sunlight based or geothermal activities can be considered as another option (Clean, 2008). Additionally, a few nations have forced an assessment on sustainable power source, making their costs higher than nations that have put resources into other increasingly customary elective types of vitality age (Nuclear Info, 2008). Accordingly, the commitment impacts of wind as a practical vitality elective is as yet viewed as insignificant contrasted with that of oil (Youngquist, 2000).;

Investment on Research and Development †Free Samples to Students

Question: Talk about the Investment on Research and Development. Answer: Presentation: Key vision has consistently been a critical piece of authoritative presentation and improvement. The vital vision depends on the supervisory crews aspiration to accomplish the ideal objectives and execution greatness. So as to accomplish the business supportability and long haul gainfulness the supervisory crew of the Magic Pixel Company is intending to embrace progressively powerful vital vision. The companys administration of giving HD cameras to its proficient clients reflects in their vision that says Inspire the World. In the time of advanced upset, the regularly improving computerized innovations give the organization extraordinary open doors as they improve their items with the assistance of those advances. The Magic Pixel Companys leading body of officials has chosen the vision as they concentrated on the persuasive and rousing intensity of the vision explanation towards the objective of accomplishing vital destinations and benefit. Enchantment Pixel Company could likewise pr ofit by guaranteeing more comes back to its partners by giving creative and excellent items to its clients. For Magic Pixel it is imperative to execute a system that gives their clients esteem for cash so as to accomplish their objectives Magic Pixel Company could accomplish the objective not by simply meeting the client desires however offering them more than their assumptions about the exhibition, quality, administrations and additional highlights. The organization could execute different new systems to build up their administrations and budgetary advantages. The retail activities of Magic Pixel could be extended by the organization with incredible significance and their claim to fame deals could be expanded too. The business activity of The Magic Pixel Company can be improved through presenting new items and new disseminating channels. Enchantment Pixel could improve their innovative work program by contributing more as this will guarantee future inventive items and increment the ir intensity. End: As greater speculation on Research and Development will urge our group to create more up to date and better items in a market where contenders are occupied with consistent advancement, our group has chosen to put away more cash on RD. The group intends to build the use by 20000 dollars for UAV drones and 30000 dollars in real life catch cameras. The organization tries to expand normal discount cost to their business advancements, publicizing financial plans, retailers and guarantee period so as to upgrade their advertising systems for those two sorts of camera.

Is It Weird Weather or Climate Change (extreme weather) Assignment

Is It Weird Weather or Climate Change (outrageous climate) - Assignment Example The episode provoked 11,000 occupants in towns that circumscribed the waterway to stop to safe spots and a portion of their ventures encountering misfortunes. The flooding additionally obliterated property and horticulture, which approximated to $2million. Corps and other guide offices like FEMA interceded in containing the circumstance in differing ways, which included banishing people in general from utilizing a few scaffolds and streets that were undependable. Moreover, there involved departure of the region’s inhabitants to security who dwelled in roughly 4,000 homes (Holbrook 18). This threat contrasted with different past occasions that has ever happened in the locale or close by is the most noticeably awful and radiated from a changed atmosphere, which the world is at present encountering. Speculation Missouri River flooding and its antagonistic impacts on the flanking inhabitants means that an environmental change that is persistently delineating itself in peculiar fre quencies universally. The pattern may proceed to quicken and respect further calamities if human neglects to modify exercises that meddle with atmosphere, for outline, arrival of Greenhouse Gases to the air (Stromberg and Kuenzi 37). Speculation Evaluation Missouri stream has tributaries that feed it and starts from the rough piles of Montana and Wyoming. ... The state’s six dams due to snowmelt, which enlarged water limit, their records delineated expanded rates even in the midst of the interim long periods of May and June/July. Dam Previous stream Rate Previous Year Record May 1 Flow Rate 2011 May 31 Flow Rate 2011 June/July 2011 Flow Rate Gavis point 70,000 1997 45,000 77,000 160,700 Oahe 60,000 1997 30,000 86,000 160,400 Big Bed 75, 000 1997 21,300 84,000 165,000 Garrison 65,000 1975 17,500 80,500 150,000 Fort Peck 36,000 1975 7,000 9,700 66,000 Fort Randall 67,000 1997 42,500 76,600 158,000 Figure 1: Past Six Dams' Flow rates contrasted with 2011 May - June/July Figure 2: Annual Flow because of environmental change influencing snowmelt. Recovered from http://www.swc.nd.gov/4dlink9/4dcgi/GetContentPDF/PB-2023/Flood%20Presentation.pdf Figure 3: Augmenting water Flow rate. Recovered from http://www.swc.nd.gov/4dlink9/4dcgi/GetContentPDF/PB-2023/Flood%20Presentation.pdf According to the information delineated in this segment, the pattern appears to expand with time, which results to expanded peculiar frequencies. These include floods and other related atmosphere fiascoes activated by expanded snow soften radiating from atmosphere annihilation by Greenhouse Gases. It likewise shows an adjusted inconstancy with time where at certain examples it is eccentric as indicated by the then News’ reports. Cultural Relevance Discussion Environmental negative effects regularly come to pass for society, which at numerous events may not know about what may come full circle after certain ecological debasements (Stromberg and Kuenzi 37). This is because of oblivious and once in a while deceptions particularly from the important specialists like the climate conjecture.

buy custom Effects of High Price on Foods essay

purchase custom Effects of High Price on Foods article Presentation The significance of food to people wellbeing is very boundless particularly sound nourishments like vegetables and natural products. Notwithstanding different nourishments like proteins and starches vegetables and organic products have a vital incentive to human wellbeing as they give nutrient C. These supplements are fundamental to the human wellbeing as they shield them from a few maladies like malignancy, visual perception issues, and some more. This paper tries to set up the primary clarifications with respect to why the expense of more beneficial nourishments, for example, foods grown from the ground continue expanding in the market. Costs of products increment, and this expansion happen because of different reasons, and that is the thing that this paper tries to decide. The firm increment in costs of all items has made it harder for individuals to pick nourishments that are more beneficial in the stores. A significant viewpoint in attempting to take care of a family is guaranteeing that they have solid and nutritious nourishments, and therefore, the subject of increment in costs of food is a basic subject. Individuals wherever care about the subject and henceforth in this paper we will distinguish a portion of the reasons that lead to the expansion of food costs. This paper targets thinking of the reasons and clarification for the expansion of food costs particularly the solid ones like products of the soil. These clarifications and reasons will be from different examines done by other concerned gatherings and recorded in auxiliary sources, for example, books. In explore, data can be from essential or auxiliary sources. Essential wellsprings of data include direct data acquired utilizing meetings, surveys, and perception. Auxiliary data is from books, electronic database, and magazines among different records. In this paper, the majority of the data was from books. We presently center around the clarification that different financial analysts and others have come up as the purpose behind the expansion in the expense of solid nourishments. Gracefully and request The primary explanation that most financial specialists and scientists credit to the expansion of food costs particularly the solid ones like products of the soil is their interest. One of the significant principles in financial matters is that costs of wares will consistently decide the interest and flexibly of these products in the market. Products of the soil are solid nourishments whose request is all as the year progressed. Taking into account that these nourishments are regular and just develop in various pieces of the nation once every year, the sellers despite everything need to stock the stores with these food sources. This steady interest of foods grown from the ground forces a financial strain on the on the providers. Consequently, the providers mirror these expenses on the purchaser. In contrast with different nourishments which are high in calories, products of the soil will in general increment in costs relying upon the season. During high season when their creation is at its pinnacle the costs will be moderately steady, at the same time, when the season switches the costs go up. Their interest being consistent and doesn't change with the season, the providers will build their costs so as to conceal for the expenses of acquiring stock from places where they are in season. This value variance will be reflected in both local and global markets. At the point when the new foods grown from the ground are not in season their gracefully diminishes. Diminishing in flexibly prompts an expansion in costs of the nourishments. In this way, gracefully and request of leafy foods essentially influences their costs. Climatic issues There have been numerous noteworthy variables which impact the amount of products of the soil vegetables and a dangerous atmospheric devation is one of them. This has had negative climatic impacts that have harmed the creation of these nourishments consequently lessening their gracefully. Increasing speed of costs comes subsequently ofthe rising weight on ranch food creation. The decrease in yields are because of a worldwide temperature alteration, which is being harm by tainting of the environment; the quality has diminished by 60 percent as per ADB (2008) the nations yield has declined because of poor climatic conditions. The issue of liberated from ozone depleting substance discharge is rising the earths temperature whereby the results for the most part follows on softening icy masses, more precipitation, and in a general sense change in periods of creation. The quickening pace of environmental change, joined with the overall population and salary development, undermines food security around the world. Agribusiness, which is in direct association with the creation of foods grown from the ground, is especially defenseless against environmental change. Higher temperatures diminish the yields of this produce as the temperatures give an opportunity to irritations and weed expansion. Contrasts in precipitation designs increment the odds of short-run crop deficiencies and since a long time ago run creation decreases. Despite the fact that there will be an expansion in certain yields in certain pieces of the world, the general impacts of environmental change on expected of agribusiness to be negative, undermining worldwide food security. Environmental change is additionally squeezing water supplies for rural creation of vegetables and natural products, changing stream streams, and its accessibility. Water is getting hard to get: in this way, costly worldwide interest for water has significantly increased over the most recent couple of years and restricted use ground water supplies in the USA. The effect of climatic change has unfavorably sway on profitability of vegetables creation and causes interruption both in the long haul and present moment. This effect is apparent in the low gracefully of these nourishments in zones where the creation was very high. Vitality costs Another explanation behind the expansion in the costs of solid nourishments is the cost the makers and sellers bring about to carry these food sources to the market or stores. Sound nourishments involve leafy foods and these are transient and occasional merchandise. The primary cost that one brings about while managing nourishments is the vehicle cost. The transportation of these products of the soil winds up reflecting in the general expense. This transportation can be from abroad as these nourishments are not locally accessible. A large portion of the natural products are imports from different nations and transportation will include implies like delivery, air transport, and railroad transport. A large portion of these methods for transport are remarkably costly, be that as it may, they are the most proper ones. For instance, the transportation of certain organic products from different countries utilizing the delivery methods for transport can be costly as it requires the refriger ation of the merchandise. These refrigeration types of gear are costly, and the transporters are the ones bringing about the expense. Transport includes the utilization of fuel in all implies that are being used for instance, dispatching, air travel, street and so forth. Vitality costs influence all degree of the food creation area. In contemporary records oil costs, in abundance, has expanded from $110 per barrel and which has cost all through the advertising chain. High oil costs increment the intensity in food creation particularly in vegetable and organic products creation. Post collect misfortune Post reap misfortune is another huge clarification to the expansion in of costs of solid nourishments. Post reap misfortune alludes to the loss of the produce after its gathering. This happens generally to farming items, and the solid nourishments in center are horticultural items. During collecting, misfortunes happen in various ways. First the organic products can be collected when they are ready and, in this manner, need master stockpiling before they get to the market. This is regularly difficult to the ranchers as they come up short on the storerooms. Thusly, they experience a few misfortunes of the items and this lose is regularly acquired by buyers of the produce. Another collecting misfortune happens when the produce are influenced by ailments and nuisances. Organisms and microscopic organisms are sicknesses, which cause these misfortunes of foods grown from the ground as are the infection maladies, normal in developing harvests. It is portrayed by serious nearness of gaps makes which makes contaminated, natural product to be unusable. This is regularly the aftereffect of irritation of foods grown from the ground in the field before reap. Quality whipping happens when the disease influences just the highest point of the natural products. Likewise, skin flaws may decrease the deal cost yet don't make the natural product terrible, and unpalatable items. Parasitic and bacterial maladies spread by little spores, which disseminate noticeable all around and earth and by means of rotting plant material. Contamination after outcome can happen at any occasion. It is generally the aftereffect of collecting or taking care of wounds. These post reap misf ortunes costs are reflected in the selling cost of the produce which is ordinarily high. Post gather misfortune has been a difficult issue which comes as a result of different reasons, fluctuating from developing conditions to dealing with at the retail level. Not exclusively are these misfortunes a waste, they now and again comprise a homogeneous maltreatment of human endeavors, employments, rare asset, for example, water, and ventures. Foods grown from the ground vegetables hold a high extent of water. Loss of water content subsequent to collecting by foods grown from the ground generally cause shrinkage and loss of request for the agrarian items. The rate at which they lose water, natural products for the most part rely upon verdant vegetables, which forestall water rapidly on the grounds that they have slender skin pores. The pace of misfortune identifies with the contrast between the water fume pressure inside the products of the soil and noticeable all around. Be that as it may, whatever the result, to advance food or capacity account the expense of water trouncing must be insignificant. The most essential element is the proportion of the outside territory of the organic product or vegetable to its volume. Early gathering of leafy foods typically happens in order to stay away from additional expenses on transportation. Moving completely ready produce prompts additional expenses as it will require extensive storerooms to keep the collect new and consumable. Furthermore, transportation of ready items prompts the creation of incredibly darn

Communications Theories - 1100 Words

Communications Theories (Essay Sample) Content: Student’s Name: Tutor’s Name: Course: Date Due: Communication theories Introduction Communication is the conveyance of information. Communication is a critical aspect for human existence. Communications could be formal and informal. Irrespective of the nature of communication, one has to sieve information that comes across them. Media is a vital tool in communication, which could both be beneficial and harmful at the same time. Question one Mass communication theories have varied from the nineteenth century to the current. Mass communication varied as large factories, and urban centers were developed. Traditional mass communication theorists blamed industrialization as being responsible for disrupting peaceful, rural communities and forcing people to live in slum areas in order to work in large factories. As a result, mass media symbolized everything wrong with the urban life in the 19th century (Baran responsible for monopoly creation through exploit ation of natural resources (Baran & Davis, 36). These people were feared, and some were denounced as robbers since they used dubious trade practices to amass wealth. The social change brought along the progression though high prices were paid for such change. Workers were ill-treated, urban slums emerged, and vast tracks of backwoods were ruined. Media was among the technologies that shaped the modern era. For an industrial order to be maintained by then, there was the need for fast and efficient distribution of information. The new media like telegraphs and telephone was first acquired by the media and later by the public (Baran & Davis, 34). How mass society fitting today is characterized by observance to empiricist and positivist epistemologies of the media. Media is able to extend the democratic process through views circulation. In the present, the media are assumed capable of providing transparent reflection of reality since language is transparent. Reflection could be a reflection of events (news), popular culture or morality and art in reflected by film and literature. All individuals are deemed to have the same opportunity for observation in the current media. Question three Propaganda theory involves the no-holds- banned use of communication to propagate particular beliefs and anticipations. The goal of propaganda theory is changing the way people act and leave them to believe such actions are voluntary, and the opinions underlying the newly adopted decisions are their own. Propagandists first change the way people envisage themselves and their social world (Baran & Davis, 78). Lasseell’s theory of propaganda blends ideas from behaviorism and Freudianism pessimistic visions of media, and their position in forging modern social orders. Lasswell advocates that the power of propaganda is not the result of substance or appeal of certain messages, but it is a result of vulnerability of minds of moderate people. According to him, escalating d epression and fiscal despair induce widespread fixation, which makes most people susceptible to even crude forms of propaganda (Baran & Davis, 87). Average Individuals turn to propaganda for reassurance, whenever confronted by powerful threats in their personal lives. He further says that, democracy has fatal laws, as it seeks to locate truths and make choices through openly conducted debates. The institute of propaganda advocated for a democratic propaganda, which could be used to combat the skepticism generated by propaganda analysis. Since people are gullible and systematically manipulated, they need reassurance from the elite experts who understand the propaganda phenomenon, and develop concepts to deal with it. According to the institute, people need to be subjected to good propaganda (Baran & Davis, 89). Question four Normative theory of social responsibility is a modification of the free press theory, placing considerable emphasis upon media accountability to the society. The theory advocates that media are free, and thus should accept responsibilities to serve the public interest. This means ensuring compliance with these responsibilities through self regulation or public intervention. Major aspects of normative theory of social responsibility are the different traditions in the diverse socio cultural contexts, just like there are different traditions of democracy in different cultures. Africa and Asia regions may develop their own normative traditions of demographic public communications in forms, which are different from those of the Western tradition. The role of normative theory is to e...

Malnutrition in College Campuses - Free Essay Example

Malnutrition is a huge concern among universities across the United States, more specifically for students, staff, faculty, and other lawmakers that surround California State University: San Jose. The World Health Organization defines malnutrition as â€Å"deficiencies, excesses or imbalances in a person’s intake of energy and/or nutrients.† This may be found as a result of eating too little, eating too much, and eating unhealthy foods. Solving this problem in an ethical manner would constitute virtue ethics in which individuals do the right thing, in this case help for the greater good and help properly nourish those fighting malnutrition, while building their character at the same time. People decide what kind of moral compass shape up their beliefs and unite as one in the shape of clubs and organizations to fight for one cause. The Greek Philosopher Aristotle rejected absolutism in regard to ethics and believed that Greek virtue are the skills and opportunities you managed well. To be virtuous is to act with excellence and to discover something’s purpose, and investigate what that thing does best. Therefore, if something performs its function or purpose effectively it is virtuous. When it comes to accomplishing a certain task or a certain goal we must constantly practice the virtue and make it a habit according to Aristotle. Deciding to start living a healthier lifestyle and be a great way of practicing virtue ethics. This would not only benefits ourselves but the people the surround us as well. There’s two forms of virtue, which are moral and intellectual virtues. The moral virtues are when our soul is trying to control desires. Intellectual virtue is when our soul concentrates on intellectual and spiritual matters. With this they are able to learn well, think straight and act accordingly. Moral virtue is determined by the intellectual virtue of wisdom. Then there’s the Golden mean which is discovered through various reasons such as, the concept of moderation, by utilizing the golden mean we can become a good person, and that a moral person knows how to balance what is too much and too little. The actions that are wrong we should avoid but should strive for the ones that are right according to this ethical theory. As a college student it’s definitely hard to have a healthy lifestyle but every action or feeling can be done in the right amount. This ethical theory is criticized of being an ethical relativist because virtue is relative to situation and culture. However, Aristotle says that the virtues are universally there, soft universalism is a great example of that. They also say that virtues are to vague, that it is so uncertain to say something is the right amount or what to avoid and what not to avoid. When it comes to our health though we know what we should be consuming and what we should not. In order to have a healthier life in the long run we start deciding the right and wrong for our bodies now. They also ask themselves what happens when two virtuous people disagree? Well there’s always a reason why people disagree but that is when compromise kicks in. It’s important to recognize that college students are most likely living their first years as independent individuals but unfortunately, this has both its ups and downs especially its huge down one’s diet. These students are open to a pandora box that gives them the option to freely choose what they’ll consume, something that may be influenced by various factors and unfortunately, the healthier alternative typically isn’t the optimal alternative for the student. Often times, it may be much more practical for students to consume foods and drinks that are much more accessible to them such as fast food, grab n’ go junk food, and many other unhealthy choices since it takes much less time to get a hold of these kinds of foods. In the long term, these food choices will ultimately harm students’ bodies as a result of constant consumption. Moreover, this problem may be experienced much more heavier by students living in off-campus housing as their susceptibility to fast food is much greater. It’s much more conventional for them to grab something from a fast food joint as a result of its prep and serve time along with the price tag. In contrast, students opting to cook at home may usually find themselves spending much more time preparing the food, cooking it, and sitting at the table to consume for a most likely bigger cost although this option most likely is a much more healthy one as a result of avoiding the high-fat and high-carbohydrate foods typically found in fast food places such as McDonald’s or Chipotle. Additionally, these foods most likely will contain little to no servings of fruits and vegetables, options that are a huge part of having a balanced meal as a result of its impor tant nutrient properties. Choosing to stick with on-campus food or dining at home may be better for the body as a result of choosing to opt for smaller portions of food. Another dilemma that typically complements malnutrition is that composing food insecurity, which typically plays a big part in students’ performance and participation in the institution. It’s notable that many organizations and programs have made continuous efforts to fight this issue for the future generations of college students in the Silicon Valley. The USDA, the United States Department of Agriculture, defines food insecurity as â€Å"a lack of consistent access to enough food for an active, healthy life.† A tangent related to food insecurity many students might have in relation to this topic is the negligence of the on-campus and off-campus programs and resources available to them. Though this may be as a result of exposure/marketing by these programs, it’s important to note that a bigger role should be played by these organizations to make their voice heard in order to help others. This relates to the virtue ethics as people are willing to help for the greater good but more often than not, their efforts must be increased in order to help those in need of it. Moreover, the topic of this essay relates to combating malnutrition at a local level at California State University: San Jose since combating this problem on a worldwide scale would require much more research and specifics on economies of each governing body and countries around the world. Multiple food opportunities are available to CSU San Jose students to combat the devastating effects of malnutrition on the daily including the Spartan Food Pantry, Just in Time mobile food pantry, and CalFresh application assistance.

How is the US Senate Organized

The Senate is one branch of the United States Congress, which is one of three branches of government.On 4 March 1789, the Senate convened for the first time at New York Citys Federal Hall. On 6 December 1790, Congress began a ten-year residence in Philadelphia. On 17 November 1800, Congress convened in Washington, DC. In 1909, the Senate opened its first permanent office building, which was named in honor of Sen. Richard B. Russell (D-GA) in 1972.Much of how the Senate is organized is enumerated in the US Constitution: The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, for six Years.US Constitution, Article I, Section 3, Clause 1 Great Compromise Constitutional Convention James Madison Federalist papers Immediately after they shall be assembled in Consequence of the first Election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three Classes.US Constitution, Article I, Section 3, Clause 2 100 Senators No Person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty Years, and been nine Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen.US Constitution, Article I, Section 3, Clause 3 The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no Vote unless they be equally divided.US Constitution, Article I, Section 3, Clause 4 constitutional convention The Senate shall chuse their other Officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the Absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the Office of President of the United States.US Constitution, Article 1, Section 3, Clause 5 Vice President Next: Senate: Constitutional Powers The US Constitution enumerates powers held by the Senate. This article examines the power of impeachment, treaty, appointments, war declaration and expulsion of members. The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeachments . . . And no Person shall be convicted without the Concurrence of two thirds of the Members present.US Constitution, Article I, section 3, clause 6 Alexander Hamilton [The President] shall have Powers, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur ...US Constitution, Article II, section 2, clause 2 [The president] shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the supreme Court, and all other Officers of the United States ...US Constitution, Article II, section 2, clause 2 legislative branches Articles of Confederation The Congress shall have Power: To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water...US Constitution, Article 1, Section 8 Each House [of Congress] may determine the Rules of its proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member.US Constitution, Article I, Section 5 filibuster filibuster Vice President Aaron Burr John Hipple Mitchell (R-OR-1905). Mitchell was indicted and convicted of having received fees for expediting the land claims of clients before the U.S. Land Commissioner. An appeal was pending when he died in December 1905. Source: US Senate Joseph R. Burton (R-KS-1906). Burton was convicted in 1904 (and again on appeal in 1906) of illegally receiving compensation for services rendered before a federal department and served five months in prison. He resigned rather than be expelled. Source: US Senate Truman H. Newberry (R-MI-1920). In 1921, Newberry was tried and convicted of election irregularities; the conviction was reversed by the Supreme Court, and, following an investigation, the Senate declared Newberry entitled to his seat but expressed disapproval of the sum spent on his election. In the face of a movement to unseat him, Newberry resigned. Source: US Senate Harrison Williams (D-NJ-1982). Williams was one of the congressional targets in the government operation known as A BSCAM. He was convicted of corruption and served 21 months of a three-year prison term. Rather than be expelled, he resigned his Senate seat on 11 March 1982. Source: US Senate Since 1789, the Senate has expelled only 15 members; 14 were charged with supporting the Confederacy during the Civil War. 1797; William Blount (R-TN). Charge: Anti-Spanish conspiracy; treason. Result: Expelled 1808; John Smith (R-OH). Charge: Disloyalty/Treason Result: Not Expelled 1858; Henry M. Rice (D-MN). Charge: Corruption. Result: Not Expelled. Date: 1861; James M. Mason (D-VA) Charge: Support for Confederate rebellion. Result: Expelled 1861; Robert M.T. Hunter (D-VA). Charge: Support for Confederate rebellion. Result: Expelled 1861; Thomas L. Clingman (D-NC). Charge: Support for Confederate rebellion. Result: Expelled 1861; Thomas Bragg (D-NC). Charge: Support for Confederate rebellion. Result: Expelled 1861; James Chesnut, Jr. (D-SC). Charge: Support for Confederate rebellion. Result: Expelled 1861; Alfred O.P. Nicholson (D-TN). Charge: Support for Confederate rebellion. Result: Expelled 1861; William K. Sebastian (D-AR). Charge: Support for Confederate rebellion. Result: ExpelledNote: On March 3, 1877, the Senate reversed its decision to expel Sebastian. Because Sebastian had died in 1865, his children were paid an amount equal to his Senate salary between the time of his expulsion and the date of his death. 1861; Charles B. Mitchel (D-AR). Charge: Support for Confederate rebellion. Result: Expelled 1861; John Hemphill (D-TX). Charge: Support for Confederate rebellion. Result: Expelled 1861; Louis T. Wigfall (D-TX). Charge: Support for Confederate rebellion. Result: Expelled 1861; John C. Breckinridge (D-KY). Charge: Support for Confederate rebellion. Result: Expelled 1862; Lazarus W. Powell (D-KY). Charge: Support for Confederate rebellion. Result: Not Expelled 1862; Trusten Polk (D-MO). Charge: Support for Confederate rebellion. Result: Expelled 1862; Waldo P. Johnson (D-MO). Charge: Support for Confederate rebellion. Result: Expelled 1862; Jesse D. Bright (D-IN). Charge: Support for Confederate rebellion. Result: Expelled 1862; James F. Simmons (R-RI). Charge: Corruption. Result: Resigned 1873; James W. Patterson (R-NH). Charge: Corruption. Result: Term Expired 1893; William N. Roach (D-ND). Charge: Embezzlement. Result: Not Expelled 1905; John H. Mitchell (R-OR). Charge: Corruption. Result: Not Expelled.Note: Mitchell died on December 8, while his case was still on appeal and before the Senate. 1906; Joseph R. Burton (R-KS). Charge: Corruption. Result: Resigned.Note: Burton was indicted and convicted of receiving compensation for intervening with a federal agency. When the Supreme Court upheld his conviction, he resigned rather than face expulsion. 1907; Reed Smoot (R-UT). Charge: Mormonism. Result: Not Expelled 1919; Robert M. La Follette (R-WI). Charge: Disloyalty (for giving a speech in 1917 opposing US entry into World War I). Result: Not Expelled 1922; Truman H. Newberry (R-MI). Charge: Election fraud. Result: Resigned 1924; Burton K. Wheeler (D-MT). Charge: Conflict of interest. Result: Not Expelled 1934; John H. Overton (D-LA). Charge: Election fraud. Result: No Senate action 1934; Huey P. Long (D-LA). Charge: Election fraud. Result: No Senate action 1942; William Langer (R-ND). Charge: Corruption. Result: Not Expelled 1982; Harrison A. Williams, Jr. (D-NJ). Charge: Corruption (ABSCAM). Result: Resigned 1995; Robert W. Packwood (R-OR). Charge: Sexual misconduct and abuse of power. Result: Resigned the day after the Committee on Ethics issued its recommendation for expulsion. Source: US Senate Censure is a less severe form of discipline than expulsion. Since 1789 the Senate has censured only nine members. January 2, 1811.Timothy Pickering (F-MA). Charge: Reading confidential documents in open Senate session before an injunction of secrecy was removed.Result: Censured. Failed reelection (elected to the House in 1812).Vote: 20-7 May 10, 1844Benjamin Tappan (D-OH)Charge: Releasing to the New York Evening Post a copy of President John Tylers message to the Senate of April 22, 1844 regarding the treaty of annexation between the United States and the Republic of Texas.Result: Censured. Did not run for reelection.Vote: 38-7 February 28, 1902Benjamin R. Tillman (D-SC) and John L. McLaurin (D-SC)Charge: Fighting in the Senate chamber on February 22, 1902.Result: Each was censured and suspended, retroactively, for six days. This incident led to the adoption of Rule XIX governing the conduct of debate in the chamber. Tillman -- reelected; McLaurin -- did not run for reelection.Vote: 54-12; 22 not voting November 4, 1929Hiram Bingham (R-CT)Charge: Employing as a Senate staff member Charles Ey anson, who was simultaneously employed by the Manufacturers Association of Connecticut. Eyanson was hired to assist Bingham on tariff legislation. The issue broadened into the question of the government employing dollar-a-year-men.Result: Condemned for conduct tending to bring the Senate into dishonor and disrepute. Defeated for reelection.Vote: 54-22; 18 not voting December 2, 1954Joseph R. McCarthy (R-WI)Charge: Abuse and non-cooperation with the Subcommittee on Privileges and Elections during a 1952 investigation of his conduct; for abuse of the Select Committee to Study Censure.Result: He was condemned. Died in office.Vote: 67-22 June 23, 1967Thomas J. Dodd (D-CT)Charge: Use of his office (1961-1965) to convert campaign funds to his personal benefit. Conduct unbecoming a senator.Result: Censured. Defeated for reelection.Vote: 92-5 October 11, 1979Herman E. Talmadge (D-GA)Charge: Improper financial conduct (1973-1978), accepting reimbursements of $43,435.83 for official expens es not incurred, and improper reporting of campaign receipts and expenditures.Result: His conduct was denounced as reprehensible and tending to bring the Senate into dishonor and disrepute. Defeated for reelection.Vote: 81-15 July 25, 1990David F. Durenberger (R-MN)Charge: Unethical conduct in connection with his arrangement with Piranha Press, his failure to report receipt of travel expenses in connection with his Piranha Press and Boston area appearances, his structuring of real estate transactions and receipt of Senate reimbursements in connection with his stays in his Minneapolis condominium, his pattern of prohibited communications respecting the condominium, his repeated acceptance of prohibited gifts of limousine service for personal purposes, and the conversion of a campaign contribution to his personal use.Result: Denounced for reprehensible conduct, bringing the Senate into dishonor and disrepute. Did not run for reelection.Vote: 96-0 Source: US Senate

Introduction of Banking Sector - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 14 Words: 4322 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/09/16 Category Economics Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: Economy Essay Globalization Essay Did you like this example? GENERAL INTRODUCTION ABOUT THE SECTOR The Indian economy is emerging as one of the strongest economy of the world with the GDP growth of more than 8% every year. This has given a great support for the development of banking industry in the country. Due to globalization, competition among the banks has drastically been increased. As India has a substantial upper and middle class income hence the banks have immense opportunities to increase their market shares. The consumer being on the receiving end is in the comfortable position but the banks trying to increase their market share have to continuously add value for consumers in order to increase market share and sustain their growth. BANKING SECTOR The banking sector is the most dominant sector of the financial system in India. Significant progress has been made with respect to the banking sector in the post liberalization period. The financial health of the commercial banks has improved manifolds with respect to capital ad equacy, profitability, and asset quality and risk management. Further, deregulation has opened new opportunities for banks to increase revenue by diversifying into investment banking, insurance, credit cards, depository services, mortgage, securitization, etc. Liberalization has created a more competitive environment in the banking sector INDUSTRY PROFILE a) ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE INDUSTRY The origin of banking in India is traceable in ancient time through the modern banking hardly 200 years old. The main function of bank is to accept deposits and grant loans. There is evidence of these functions being performed by a section of the community in the Vedic periods. There are many references of debt in the Vedic literature. During the Ramayana and Mahabharata areas banking, which was a side business during the Vedic period, become a fulltime business activity for the people. During the smriti period, which followed the Vedic period and the Epic age, bankers performed the f unction of the modern banks. The members of the Vaish community carried on the banking business and Manu speaks of earning through interest as the business of Vaishays. He accepted deposits from the public, granted loans against pledges and personal security, granted simple open loans, acted as bailee for his customers, subscribed to public loans by granting loans to kings, acted as treasurer and banker to the state and managed the currency of the country. Indigenous bankers used to maintain a regular system of accounts and borrowers used to sign the loan deeds. Banking in India originated in the last decades of the 18th century. The oldest bank in existence in India is the State Bank of India, a government-owned bank that traces its origins back to June 1806 and that is the largest commercial bank in the country. Central banking is the responsibility of the Reserve Bank of India, which in 1935 formally took over these responsibilities from the then Imperial Bank of India, rel egating it to commercial banking functions. After Indias independence in 1947, the Reserve Bank was nationalized and given broader powers. In 1969 the government nationalized the 14 largest commercial banks; the government nationalized the six next largest in 1980. Currently, India has 88 scheduled commercial banks (SCBs) 27 public sector banks (that is with the Government of India holding a stake), 31 private banks (these do not have government stake; they may be publicly listed and traded on stock exchanges) and 38 foreign banks. They have a combined network of over 53,000 branches and 17,000 ATMs. According to a report by ICRA Limited, a rating agency, the public sector banks hold over 75 per cent of total assets of the banking industry, with the private and foreign banks holding 18. 2% and 6. 5% respectively. Early history Banking in India originated in the last decades of the 18th century. The first banks were The General Bank of India, which started in 1786, and the Ban k of Hindustan, both of which are now defunct. The oldest bank in existence in India is the State Bank of India, which originated in the Bank of Calcutta in June 1806, which almost immediately became the Bank of Bengal. This was one of the three presidency banks, the other two being the Bank of Bombay and the Bank of Madras, all three of which were established under charters from the British East India Company. For many years the Presidency banks acted as quasi-central banks, as did their successors. The three banks merged in 1925 to form the Imperial Bank of India, which, upon Indias independence, became the State Bank of India. Indian merchants in Calcutta established the Union Bank in 1839, but it failed in 1848 as a consequence of the economic crisis of 1848-49. The Allahabad Bank, established in 1865 and still functioning today, is the oldest Joint Stock bank in India. It was not the first though. That honour belongs to the Bank of Upper India, which was established in 18 63, and which survived until 1913, when it failed, with some of its assets and liabilities being transferred to the Alliance Bank of Shimla. When the American Civil War stopped the supply of cotton to Lancashire from the Confederate States, promoters opened banks to finance trading in Indian cotton. With large exposure to speculative ventures, most of the banks opened in India during that period failed. The depositors lost money and lost interest in keeping deposits with banks. Subsequently, banking in India remained the exclusive domain of Europeans for next several decades until the beginning of the 20th century. Foreign banks too started to arrive, particularly in Calcutta, in the 1860s. The Comptoire dEscompte de Paris opened a branch in Calcutta in 1860, and another in Bombay in 1862; branches in Madras and Pondicherry, then a French colony, followed. HSBC established itself in Bengal in 1869. Calcutta was the most active trading port in India, mainly due to the trade of the British Empire, and so became a banking center. [pic] The Bank of Bengal, which later became the State Bank of India. The first entirely Indian joint stock bank was the Oudh Commercial Bank, established in 1881 in Faizabad. It failed in 1958. The next was the Punjab National Bank, established in Lahore in 1895, which has survived to the present and is now one of the largest banks in India. Around the turn of the 20th Century, the Indian economy was passing through a relative period of stability. Around five decades had elapsed since the Indian Mutiny, and the social, industrial and other infrastructure had improved. Indians had established small banks, most of which served particular ethnic and religious communities. The presidency banks dominated banking in India but there were also some exchange banks and a number of Indian joint stock banks. All these banks operated in different segments of the economy. The exchange banks, mostly owned by Europeans, concentrated on financi ng foreign trade. Indian joint stock banks were generally undercapitalized and lacked the experience and maturity to compete with the presidency and exchange banks. This segmentation let Lord Curzon to observe, In respect of banking it seems we are behind the times. We are like some old fashioned sailing ship, divided by solid wooden bulkheads into separate and cumbersome compartments. The period between 1906 and 1911, saw the establishment of banks inspired by the Swadeshi movement. The Swadeshi movement inspired local businessmen and political figures to found banks of and for the Indian community. A number of banks established then have survived to the present such as Bank of India, Corporation Bank, Indian Bank, Bank of Baroda, Canara Bank and Central Bank of India. The fervour of Swadeshi movement lead to establishing of many private banks in Dakshina Kannada and Udupi district which were unified earlier and known by the name South Canara ( South Kanara ) district. Four nationalised banks started in this district and also a leading private sector bank. Hence undivided Dakshina Kannada district is known as Cradle of Indian Banking. From World War I to Independence The period during the First World War (1914-1918) through the end of the Second World War (1939-1945), and two years thereafter until the independence of India were challenging for Indian banking. The years of the First World War were turbulent, and it took its toll with banks simply collapsing despite the Indian economy gaining indirect boost due to war-related economic activities. At least 94 banks in India failed between 1913 and 1918 as indicated in the following table: |Years |Number of banks |Authorised capital |Paid-up Capital | | |that failed |(Rs. Lakhs) |(Rs. Lakhs) | |1913 |12 |274 |35 | |1914 |42 |710 |109 | |1915 |11 |56 |5 | |1916 |13 |231 |4 | |1917 |9 |76 |25 | |1918 |7 |209 |1 | Post-independence The partition of India in 1947 adversely impacted the economies of P unjab and West Bengal, paralyzing banking activities for months. Indias independence marked the end of a regime of the Laissez-faire for the Indian banking. The Government of India initiated measures to play an active role in the economic life of the nation, and the Industrial Policy Resolution adopted by the government in 1948 envisaged a mixed economy. This resulted into greater involvement of the state in different segments of the economy including banking and finance. The major steps to regulate banking included: †¢ In 1948, the Reserve Bank of India, Indias central banking authority, was nationalized, and it became an institution owned by the Government of India. †¢ In 1949, the Banking Regulation Act was enacted which empowered the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to regulate, control, and inspect the banks in India. †¢ The Banking Regulation Act also provided that no new bank or branch of an existing bank could be opened without a license from the RBI, and no tw o banks could have common directors. However, despite these provisions, control and regulations, banks in India except the State Bank of India, continued to be owned and operated by private persons. This changed with the nationalisation of major banks in India on 19 July, 1969. Nationalisation By the 1960s, the Indian banking industry has become an important tool to facilitate the development of the Indian economy. At the same time, it has emerged as a large employer, and a debate has ensued about the possibility to nationalise the banking industry. Indira Gandhi, the-then Prime Minister of India expressed the intention of the GOI in the annual conference of the All India Congress Meeting in a paper entitled Stray thoughts on Bank Nationalisation. The paper was received with positive enthusiasm. Thereafter, her move was swift and sudden, and the GOI issued an ordinance and nationalised the 14 largest commercial banks with effect from the midnight of July 19, 1969. Jayaprakash Narayan, a national leader of India, described the step as a masterstroke of political sagacity. Within two weeks of the issue of the ordinance, the Parliament passed the Banking Companies (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertaking) Bill, and it received the presidential approval on 9 August, 1969. A second dose of nationalization of 6 more commercial banks followed in 1980. The stated reason for the nationalization was to give the government more control of credit delivery. With the second dose of nationalization, the GOI controlled around 91% of the banking business of India. Later on, in the year 1993, the government merged New Bank of India with Punjab National Bank. It was the only merger between nationalized banks and resulted in the reduction of the number of nationalised banks from 20 to 19. After this, until the 1990s, the nationalised banks grew at a pace of around 4%, closer to the average growth rate of the Indian economy. The nationalised banks were credited by some, including Home minister P. Chidambaram, to have helped the Indian economy withstand the global financial crisis of 2007-2009. Liberalisation In the early 1990s, the then Narsimha Rao government embarked on a policy of liberalization, licensing a small number of private banks. These came to be known as New Generation tech-savvy banks, and included Global Trust Bank (the first of such new generation banks to be set up), which later amalgamated with Oriental Bank of Commerce, Axis Bank(earlier as UTI Bank), ICICI Bank and HDFC Bank. This move, along with the rapid growth in the economy of India, revitalized the banking sector in India, which has seen rapid growth with strong contribution from all the three sectors of banks, namely, government banks, private banks and foreign banks. The next stage for the Indian banking has been setup with the proposed relaxation in the norms for Foreign Direct Investment, where all Foreign Investors in banks may be given voting rights which could exceed the present cap of 10%, at present it has gone up to 49% with some restrictions. The new policy shook the Banking sector in India completely. Bankers, till this time, were used to the 4-6-4 method (Borrow at 4%; Lend at 6%; Go home at 4) of functioning. The new wave ushered in a modern outlook and tech-savvy methods of working for traditional banks. All this led to the retail boom in India. People not just demanded more from their banks but also received more. Currently, banking in India is generally fairly mature in terms of supply, product range and reach-even though reach in rural India still remains a challenge for the private sector and foreign banks. In terms of quality of assets and capital adequacy, Indian banks are considered to have clean, strong and transparent balance sheets relative to other banks in comparable economies in its region. The Reserve Bank of India is an autonomous body, with minimal pressure from the government. The stated policy of the Bank on the Indian Rupee is to manage volatility but without any fixed exchange rate-and this has mostly been true. With the growth in the Indian economy expected to be strong for quite some time-especially in its services sector-the demand for banking services, especially retail banking, mortgages and investment services are expected to be strong. One may also expect MAs, takeovers, and asset sales. In March 2006, the Reserve Bank of India allowed Warburg Pincus to increase its stake in Kotak Mahindra Bank (a private sector bank) to 10%. This is the first time an investor has been allowed to hold more than 5% in a private sector bank since the RBI announced norms in 2005 that any stake exceeding 5% in the private sector banks would need to be vetted by them. In recent years critics have charged that the non-government owned banks are too aggressive in their loan recovery efforts in connection with housing, vehicle and personal loans. There are press reports that the banks loan rec overy efforts have driven defaulting borrowers to suicide. BANKING SYSTEM The oxford dictionary defines the bank as â€Å"an establishment for the custody of money, which it pays out, on a customers’ order. † A banking company in India has been defined in the banking companies Act 1949, as â€Å"one which transacts the business of banking which means the accepting, for the purpose of lending or investment of deposits of money from the public, repayable on demand or otherwise and withdrawals by cheque, draft, order or otherwise. The banking system in an integral sub-system of the financial system. It represents an important channel of collecting small savings from the households and lending it to the corporate sector. The Indian Banking system has the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) as the apex body for all matters relating to the banking system. It is the’ central bank’ of India. It is the banker to all other banks. Classification of banks: 1. Non-scheduled Banks: These are banks, which are not included in the Second schedule of the Banking Regulation Act, 1965. It means they do not satisfy the conditions laid down by that schedule. They are further classified as follows: *Central Co-operative Banks and Primary Credit Societies. *Commercial Banks. 2. Scheduled Banks: Scheduled Banks are banks, which are included in the second schedule of the Banking Regulation Act, 1965. According to this schedule a scheduled bank: Must have paid-up capital and reserve of not less than Rs. 5,00,000; Must also satisfy the RBI that its affairs are not conducted in a manner detrimental to the interests of its depositors. Scheduled banks are sub-divided as: *State – cooperative banks. *Commercial banks. State – cooperative banks: These are Co-operatives owned and managed by the state. Commercial banks: These are business entities whose main business is accepting deposits and extending loans. Their main objective is profit maximizat ion and adding shareholder value. These are further sub-divided as: *Indian Banks: These banks are companies registered in India under the Companies Act. Their place of origin is in India. These are also sub-divided as: State Bank of India and its Subsidiaries: This group comprises of the State Bank of India (SBI) and its seven subsidiaries viz. , State Bank of Patiala, State Bank of Hyderabad, State Bank of Travancore, State Bank of Bikaner and Jaipur, State Bank of Mysore, State Bank of Saurastra, State Bank of Indore. Other Nationalized Banks: This group consists of private sector banks that were nationalized. The Government of India Nationalized 14 private banks in 1969 and another 6 in the year 1980. Regional Rural Banks: These were established by the RBI in the year 1975 of Banking Commission. It was established to operate exclusively in rural areas to provide credit and other facilities. Old Private Sector Banks: This group consists of banks that were established by th e privy states, community organizations or by a group of professional for the cause of economic betterment in their area of operations. Initially their operations were concentrated in a few regional areas. New Private Sector Banks: These banks were started as profit oriented companies after the RBI opened the banking sector to the private sector. These banks are mostly technology driven and better managed than other banks. Foreign Banks: These are banks that were registered outside India and had originated in a foreign country. Retail Banking According to investopedia. com, retail banking is typical mass-market banking where individual customers use local branches of larger commercial banks. Services offered include: savings and checking accounts, mortgages, personal loans, debit cards, credit cards, and so forth. Types Of Retail Banks 1. Private bank Private Banks is a bank that is not incorporated. Either an individual or a general partner(s) with limited partner(s) owns a non- incorporated bank. In any such case, the creditors can look to both the entirety of [the banks] assets as well as the entirety of the sole- proprietors/general-partners assets. These banks have a long tradition in Switzerland, dating back to at least the revocation of the Edict of Nantes (1685). 2. Commercial banking A commercial bank is a type of financial intermediary and a type of bank. Commercial bank has two possible meanings: Commercial bank is the term used for a normal bank to distinguish it from an investment bank. This is what people normally call a bank. The term commercial was used to distinguish it from an investment bank. Since the two types of banks no longer have to be separate companies, some have used the term commercial bank to refer to banks which focus mainly on companies. In some English-speaking countries outside North America, the term trading bank was and is used to denote a commercial bank. It raises funds by collecting deposits from businesses and co nsumers via checkable deposits, savings deposits, and time (or term) deposits. It makes loans to businesses and consumers. It also buys corporate bonds and government bonds. Its primary liabilities are deposits and primary assets are loans and bonds. Detailed information on banks sectoral exposure of credit reveals that over two-thirds of the credits flow has been on account of retail, housing and other priority sector loans. Banks credit flow exposure to large Enterprises continues to remain buoyant with recent indications that credit to agriculture and Micro credit has also picked up. The Investment Banking and Markets division brings together the advisory and financing, equity securities, asset management, treasury and capital markets, and private equity activities of the Group to complete the CIBM structure and provide a complete range of financial products to our clients. Increasingly, ECA financing is being considered by customers and we work closely with our project exp ort finance teams, both onshore and offshore, to provide structured solutions. Growth And Present Status Of The Industry Commercial banking can also refer to a bank or a division of a bank that mostly deals with deposits and loans from corporations or large businesses, as opposed to normal individual members of the public (retail banking). as in the Indian banking.. The most prominent on our minds in the context of banking these days, perhaps, are the implications arising out of the Basel II accord. Banks, as we all know, are subjected to more intense regulation as compared to the non-financial firms. This is probably because the banks possess certain special characteristics: Banks are much more leveraged than the other firms due to their capacity to garner public deposits. The asset liability structure of the banks is also different from not only the non-financial firms but also the financial firms. To illustrate, the risk in an insurance company arises mainly from the liabi lity side of the balance sheet in the form of insurance claims whereas for the bank the risk mainly comes from the diminution of asset values (for example, illiquid loans that are not fully recoverable). The deposits which constitute a major part of the liability of banks are repayable on demand, unsecured and their principal amount does not change in value whereas the loans of a bank are illiquid and there can be erosion in the value of loans or of other assets. The liquidity transformation by an insurance company is in the reverse direction as compared to a bank. The balance-sheet structure of an insurance company is the least likely to give rise to systemic risk, whereas banks due to their typical asset liability mismatches i. e. long term assets funded by short term liabilities, may be prone to ‘run’ and pose a very high degree of potential systemic risk. The resolution costs of systemic bank insolvencies and significant problems can be substantial weighted diffe rently. Basel I proposals forced the banks to look at credit risk and regulatory capital more closely than they had done earlier. As banks found ways to arbitrage regulatory capital, some of the provisions of Basel I became less relevant. Simultaneously, banks in the G-10 countries developed newer approaches to manage credit risk by building portfolio models for pricing, provisioning and allocating economic capital for the credit portfolios. These developments made the weaknesses in the Basel I framework more apparent and this set the stage for the creation of International Convergence of Capital Measurement and Capital Standards: A Revised Framework, popularly known as Basel II. The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision has observed that the fundamental objective in revising the 1988 Accord has been, and I quote, to develop a framework that would further strengthen the soundness and stability of the international banking system while maintaining sufficient consistency that c apital adequacy regulation will not be a significant source of competitive inequality among internationally active banks. The (Basel) Committee believes that the revised Framework will promote the adoption of stronger risk management practices by the banking industry, and views this as one of its major benefits. Future Of The Industry Reflecting on future prospects in banking, immediate focus has to be on the cleaning up of the remnants of undercapitalized banks, while concentrating on improvements in the rural co-operative credit system. It is also necessary to ensure improvements in their governance and financial management. In the banking system as a whole, a healthy credit culture encompassing appropriate pricing, quality of service, financial inclusion and contract enforcement would be vital. The Reserve Bank of India has, in the service of our country, a proven track record and professionalism, which have lent it considerable credibility – both domestically and gl obally. This credibility enables the RBI to confidently carry the reforms forward to credibly maintain price and financial stability, while enabling self-accelerating equitable growth at elevated levels. The Indian financial sector is ready for consolidation, said 95 per cent of the respondents. Given the increased competition, and the implementation of Basel II norms in the near future, the banking industry of the country would be better off with six to seven banks as big as State Bank of India, said the survey. However, voluntary mergers are better than forced ones. A majority of the public sector banks also demanded more autonomy to fix salary levels proportionate to performance. In order to improve employee productivity it is essential to offer competitive compensation packages at all levels, the survey said. About 92 per cent of the public sector banks respondents voiced that they do not have sufficient autonomy to offer attractive incentive packages to employees to ensur e commitment levels. Some banks also said that in one-years’ time, banks should be permitted to issue preference shares. According to the survey, some of the strengths of the banking industry are regulatory systems, economic growth, technological advancement, risk assessment systems and credit quality. Areas that need improvement include diversification of markets beyond big cities, human resources systems, size of banks, high transaction costs, infrastructure and labour inflexibilities. As per the survey some strategies that can help India achieve a world class banking system are consolidation, strict corporate governance norms, regional expansion within the country and outside, higher FDI limits and Free Trade Agreements with countries where India has comparative advantage in banking sector. Availability and reach of quality products is confined to just big cities. Thus it is essential now to expand the gamut of banking services both within India as well as outside, the survey said. However, banks in India are yet to effectively leverage technology. ICICI Bank has been acknowledged to be among the first to explore new mediums like Internet. India has among the lowest penetration of retail loans in Asia. Though the sector has been growing at around 15 per cent, there is still a huge opportunity to tap into. Interest rates on retail loans have been dropping rapidly too. For instance residential mortgages slumped by 7 per cent over the last four years. The entry of a number of banks in India in the last few years has helped provide increased coverage and a number of new products in the market, says Kamath. Banking sector today is estimated to be at Rs 17 trillion and total deposits are estimated at Rs 13 trillion. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Introduction of Banking Sector" essay for you Create order

`` Negroland And Fun Home `` By Margo Jefferson And Alison...

In Negroland and Fun Home, Margo Jefferson and Alison Bechdel both view their individual lives and identities as interacting with history. However, their perceptions of history differ vastly in that Jefferson identifies herself as both a spectator and player in a giant game of sociocultural history, while Bechdel perceives national history as a tape reeling alongside her life, shaping her worldview but serving as a backdrop amidst her individual life. In Negroland, Jefferson relates to and traces the sociocultural and racial history of Negroes that has shaped her niche in modern society and drastically changed her expectations and perspectives. In contrast, Bechdel does not explicitly cite history as an influential force but rather hints†¦show more content†¦Thus, expectations and conventions are imposed upon members of Negroland, such as Jefferson, so that they embody the privileges that arose over time from a complex and dynamic social hierarchy. For Jefferson, personal and racial histories are heavily interconnected, as denoted when she makes references to various historical and familial figures. Tracing the evolution of this hierarchy through the ages from the Civil War up to the present, Jefferson cites a fellow chronicler of Negroland, Anna Julia Cooper, the daughter of a slave and a slaveholder, a â€Å"Black Woman of the South† who criticizes the â€Å"masculinist† need to dominate domestically, nationally, and internationally; Cooper’s collective voice for the oppressed parallels Jefferson’s personal concern with race, gender, and class. However, Jefferson also emphasizes the collective Du Boisian â€Å"double consciousness† that Negroes in the Talented Tenth and in Negroland must face, thinking about â€Å"Them as Us,† forced to dismiss aspirations and professional duties and accept those in lower strata as equals (Jefferson 34). Jefferson undergoes a double consciousness of h er own in her childhood as well, when she is forced to conform to expectations due to her status as an upper-class Negro, expectations which force her â€Å"to be ambushed by insult and humiliation† even though these expectations are set to prevent errors and

Essay about Global Warming - 1260 Words

Global Warming The climate is changing. The earth is warming up, and there is now overwhelming scientific consensus that it is happening, and human-induced. With global warming on the increase and species and their habitats on the decrease, chances for ecosystems to adapt naturally are diminishing. Many are agreed that climate change may be one of the greatest threats facing the planet. Recent years show increasing temperatures in various regions, and increasing extremities in weather patterns. Research has shown that air pollutants from fossil fuel use make clouds reflect more of the sun’s rays back into space. This leads to an effect known as global dimming whereby less heat and energy reaches the earth. At first, it sounds like†¦show more content†¦We are fortunate that our modern societies have developed during the last 10,000 years of benignly warm, interglacial climate. But for more than 90 percent of the last two million years, the climate has been colder, and generally much colder, than today. The reality of the climate record is that a sudden natural cooling is far more to be feared, and will do infinitely more social and economic damage, than the late 20th century phase of gentle warming. The single human activity that is most likely to have a large impact on the climate is the burning of fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas. These fuels contain carbon. Burning them makes carbon dioxide gas. Since the early 1800s, when people began burning large amounts of coal and oil, the amount of carbon dioxide in the earths atmosphere has increased by nearly 30%, and average global temperature appears to have risen between 1 ° and 2 °F.Carbon dioxide gas traps solar heat in the atmosphere, partly in the same way as glass traps solar heat in a sunroom or a greenhouse. For this reason, carbon dioxide is sometimes called a greenhouse gas. As more carbon dioxide is added to the atmosphere, solar heat has more trouble getting out. The result is that, if e verything else stayed unchanged, the average temperature of the atmosphere would increase. As people burn more fossil fuel for energy they add more carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. If thisShow MoreRelatedGlobal Warming And The Warming1544 Words   |  7 PagesGlobal warming has become a well conversed topic among scientists and peoples in the world today. There are extremists who do everything possible to stop contributing to the warming, but the average person does little to alleviate the issue and in many cases refuses to acknowledge that there is a problem at all. Dating back to millions of years ago, even before humanity was born, the world has always experienced one form or another of warming; so the warming seen today is not as bizarre as many mayRead MoreGlobal Warming And The Warming1353 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal Warming With it being the presidential election season the talk of global warming, also known as climate change has come up in conversation more. But should it be associated with whether you are republican or democrat? Global warming should not be rather you â€Å"believe† in because it is a stated fact. The definition by Oxford Dictionary declares that global warming is a gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth s atmosphere generally attributed to the greenhouse effect causedRead MoreThe Warming And Global Warming1442 Words   |  6 PagesThe Warming World Around Us The world is warming and we cannot deny it, the longer we deny the larger the problem it will become. Global warming is affecting the world economy, the overall health of the population, and most importantly the environment that surrounds us. Ignoring this problem will not just make it suddenly disappear; the world has to make an effort to stop it while it can still be maintained. Accepting the fact that it is happening is just the first step, the next step is takingRead MoreGlobal Warming1677 Words   |  7 PagesThrough the eyes of most scientists, global warming is seen as a very serious and severe threat. The actions taken by humans, such as industry and consumption of fossil fuels plus the increase in population and agriculture have played a big part in global warming. If something is not done soon the results could be very bad. By the middle of the twenty first century, there is evidence that the Earth will be warmer than it has been at any time in human history, and quite possibly since theRead MoreGlobal Warming1410 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal warming was first mentioned by ‘Svante August Arrhenius in 1896’, but in ‘1753, Joseph Black discovered carbon dioxide’ and in ‘1827, Jean-Batiste Fourier suggested that atmospheric effect kept the earth warmer than it would otherwise be’, (Direct.gov. n.d. A history of climate change). Since this time, reports, and study have be done with graphs to show the impact of global warming and what could happen to our planet. In 1979, the first conference was held this was called ‘International climateRead MoreGlobal Warming1245 Words   |  5 PagesGlobal Warming The major threat of today’s world is global warming. Due to various reasons global warming turns out to be a serious issue in the last few years. Today people believe in global warming while this concept was not so much believed and people interpreted in some other meanings what was happening in the past. Global warming is amplification in the temperature of earth because of industrial pollution, fossil fuels, and agricultural practices caused by human being, other and natural gasRead MoreGlobal Warming1316 Words   |  6 PagesControversy over Global Warming One of the largest argued topics in our world today is over global warming. People argue that is real, and others argue that it is fake. The effects of global warming create a growing danger for the ecosystem we live in by damaging glaciers and weather patterns. Humans contribute to global warming yet non-believers will think otherwise. Global warming is the greatest challenge facing our planet. According to the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change) mostRead Moreglobal warming1539 Words   |  7 Pagesof global climate over long periods of time. Climate model projections made by the US Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) show that, recently, global temperature has increased. This increase in temperature is referred to as global warming. One of the main causes of global warming is greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases are gases in the atmosphere that absorb solar radiation to keep the planet warm. These gases have increased, so more solar radiation is trapped ins ide raising global temperaturesRead MoreGlobal Warming1050 Words   |  5 PagesTake a position: Global warming is a real problem. 1000 word Essay. Using persuasive technique Global warming is the increase in the average temperature of Earth’s surface. Since the late 1800’s, the global average temperature has increased about 0.7 to 1.4 degrees F (0.4 to 0.8degree C). Climate change is happening and its effects are real. However, the larger the change in climate, the more negative the consequences will become. Global warming will make life harder for mostRead MoreGlobal Warming1192 Words   |  5 PagesGlobal Warming Essay Global warming is an important issue for humans to consider and science to figure out. Personally I don’t care very much about global warming and have never been active in green movements. The evidence presented in this class is very informative and useful when taking into account the numerous known and unknown causes and cures for global warming. However, my attitude towards global warming is unchanged. According to the Common Attitudes Toward Global Warming handout I think

Capital Allocation and Delegation of Decision †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Capital Allocation and Delegation of Decision. Answer: Introduction: The current report aims to deal with three different case studies; the first is related to Dorquay Hotel. The budgeted room revenue for three months of the hotel has been computed by considering the expected room occupancy and expected average room rate. This has been validated further by explaining the way the management of the hotel has estimated the occupancy rate. The second case deals with the ethical issues related to Practical Solutions Limited and Dogto Limited to find out ethical issues and the merits and demerits of employee code of conduct to the former organisation. The final case study sheds light on computing the break-even for Chloe Enterprises along with evaluating the feasibility of the proposed change in the marketing strategy of the organisation. Calculation of budgeted room revenue for Dorquay Hotel: Particulars December January February Number of rooms 20 20 20 Average room rate $ 180 $ 198 $ 198 Room occupancy rate 90% 95% 85% Budgeted room revenue $ 3,240 $ 3,762 $ 3,366 For estimating the minimum length of stay, Dorquay Hotel estimates a period of high demand, which is followed by low demand. It accepts longer duration stays during arrival, while it rejects shorter duration stays (Butler Ghosh, 2015). This helps to raise occupancy during the slow period. In case of the hotel, such estimation has been accurate, as the room rate has increased by 10% in the month of January from December. In addition, the hotel has applied the maximum length of stay, when the rooms are sold out at higher rates (Collier, 2015).This is because the hotel has not accepted reservations at particular discounted rates for multiple night stays extending into the sold out period. It has been observed that there is no change in the average room rate in February; however, there is a fall in the occupancy rate due to adoption of such policy. The major ethical concerns include independence, objectivity and sincerity. Based on the provided facts, it could be observed that it is a paid for Mr Smith and his family to Los Angeles. This could lead to an impression that the trip is a token of gift, which could have effects on the selected software (Graham, Harvey Puri, 2015). Thus, at the time of undertaking the software decision, Mr Smith might be obliged to Dogto Limited due to the trip. From the perspective of the third party, a conflict of interest might arise along with lack of independence. Conversely, it would serve as an immense opportunity to obtain additional information regarding the software. An opportunity is inherent to suit the software users for obtaining an insight of the future plan related to software development. This would help in saving funds for Practical Solutions Limited, since they would not have to incur any expense for the trip. However, the suggestion of taking the family to a trip indicates that the trip is more of a gift (Hartman, DesJardins MacDonald, 2014).The appearance to the third parties and the effect on integrity, independence and integrity might be high and therefore, it is advised to Mr Smith to avoid the trip. It is necessary for the organisation to create its own code of conduct. The main benefits are that it would deliver a message to the staffs regarding the acceptable behaviour along with promoting an aura of credibility and trust around the business dealings (Mih?il?, 2014). This would increase the professionalism of the organisation and the management team would be able to foresee any ethical dilemmas. However, the demerit is that such code could not possibly cover all the situations and the staffs might be of the view that a minimum standard is set, which could be time consuming and costly to develop. In order to implement such measure effectively, the organisation needs to create a team from its existing employees to maintain the same and this, in turn, would act as positive motivation for the staffs. Particulars Units Selling price per unit $ 60 Less: Variable manufacturing cost per unit $ 28 Less: Variable marketing and distribution costs per unit $ 12 Contribution margin per unit $ 20 Fixed Costs: Annual fixed manufacturing costs $ 120,000 Annual fixed non-manufacturing costs $ 370,000 Total fixed costs $ 490,000 Break-even point (in units) 24,500 Break-even (in sales) $ 1,470,000 Particulars Units Annual sales volume 35,000 Break-even (in units) 24,500 Margin of safety (in units) 10,500 Margin of safety (in dollars) $ 630,000 Particulars Units Annual sales volume 32000 Contribution margin per unit $ 20 Total fixed costs $ 490,000 Profit $ 150,000 Particulars Units Selling price per unit $ 60 Less: Variable manufacturing cost per unit $ 28 Less: Variable marketing and distribution costs per unit $ 16 Contribution margin per unit $ 16 Annual fixed manufacturing costs $ 120,000 Annual fixed non-manufacturing costs $ 290,000 Total fixed costs $ 410,000 Units to be produced for achieving the same profit 35,000 Based on the above table, it could be stated that Chloe Enterprises needs to produce the same amount of units to achieve the same profit level. Thus, any change in the marketing strategy is not needed, since the production capacity would remain the same. Conclusion: From the above discussion, it could be found out that the Dorquay Hotel mainly focuses on longer duration stays, while the shorter duration stays are mostly avoided. It has adopted maximum length of stay, particularly during the peak seasons with no discount rates to the customers. In relation to the ethical issues, it has been assessed that the appearance to the third parties and the effect on integrity, independence and integrity might be high and therefore, it is advised to Mr Smith to avoid the trip. Finally, it has been found out that Chloe Enterprises needs to produce the same amount of units to achieve the same profit level. Thus, any change in the marketing strategy is not needed, since the production capacity would remain the same. References and Bibliographies: Birt,J., Chalmers, K., Maloney, S., Brooks, A., Oliver, J. (2014). Accounting: Business Reporting for Decision Making, 5th Edition. Wiley and Sons. Butler, S. A., Ghosh, D. (2015). Individual differences in managerial accounting judgments and decision making.The British Accounting Review,47(1), 33-45. Collier, P. M. (2015). Accounting for managers: Interpreting accounting information for decision making. John Wiley Sons. Graham, J. R., Harvey, C. R., Puri, M. (2015). Capital allocation and delegation of decision-making authority within firms.Journal of Financial Economics,115(3), 449-470. Hartman, L. P., DesJardins, J. R., MacDonald, C. (2014).Business ethics: Decision making for personal integrity and social responsibility. New York: McGraw-Hill. Mih?il?, M. (2014). Managerial accounting and decision making, in energy industry.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,109, 1199-1202. Nielsen, L. B., Mitchell, F., Nrreklit, H. (2015, March). Management accounting and decision making: Two case studies of outsourcing. InAccounting Forum(Vol. 39, No. 1, pp. 64-82). Elsevier. Oboh, C. S., Ajibolade, S. O. (2017). Strategic Management Accounting and decision Making.

Tools for Business Decision Making †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Tools for Business Decision Making. Answer: Introduction: This report has been prepared to analyze the financial position of NATIONAL TAKAFUL COMPANY. In this report, various financial tactics and methods have been used to evaluate the position of the company in the market. NATIONAL TAKAFUL COMPANY is operating its business into ABU DHABI, UAE. This company has come into existence in 2011. It has been founded by National insurance company and National Islamic finance. Currently, 6 branches are operated by this company in the UAE market. The main operations of this company are to offer the Health Takaful to its employees (Home, 2017). Further, the economical condition of UAE is quite string right now. The country is performing well and the companies in this country are also achieving the high growth into the market. The growth of the company is continuously increasing (ADX, 2017). A financial analysis study has been performed over the company to analyze and investigate the position of the company. Ratio analysis, DU Pont analysis and trend analysis study has been done over the NATIONAL TAKAFUL COMPANY (Ansari, 2004). Ratio analysis study has been conducted over NATIONAL TAKAFUL COMPANY to analyze the profitability, liquidity and solvency position of the company. Through the profitability analysis, it has been found that the current net margin and ROE of the company is -14.97% and -17.37% which has been way better from last 2 years (Girling 2013). More, the liquidity position of the company has been analyzed. Through this study, it has been found that the company has managed the position of current assets and liabilities to manage the liquidity position. It has become better than last year. Lastly, the study has been done over the solvency position of the company. Through the analysis over the company, it has been found that the debt and equity position of the company has been lowered than last year. Company has reduced the level of the debt to manage the risk factor and a better position into the market (Heisinger, 2009). Through this study, it has been found that the market position of NATIONAL TAKAFUL COMPANY is becoming better year by year. The calculations have been given into the appendix. Further, the study has been done over the DU Pont analysis of the company. This study depict about the return on equity of the company. For conducting this study, net profit margin and the total asset turnover of the company has been analyzed and through these values, the return on equity of the company has been found. Return on equity is the value which is expected by the investors to get as a dividend from the company. The current net profit margin of the company has been analyzed through dividing the net profit margin of the company by total sales of the company. Through this analysis, it has been found that the net profit margin of the company is 0.42% whereas the total asset turnover of the company has also been analyzed through dividing the sales by total assets of the company and it has been found that the total asset turnover of the company is 0.2845 (Warren, Reeve Duchac, 2011). More, the return one equity of the company has been analyzed through multiplying the net profit margin and the total asset turnover of the company and the current ROE of the company is 0.12% which depict that the company would pay 0.12% of the total profit to each share holder of the company as dividend. The calculations have been given into the appendix. Further, the study has been done over the trend analysis of the company, through this analysis; it has been found that the position of the company is rapidly changing in every year. The study of trend analysis has been done over the income statement, balance sheet and cash flow statement of the company to analyze the changes which has take place into the financial performance and the figures in each year (Weygandt, Kimmel Kieso, 2009). Through this analysis, it has been found that the entire activities have been changed in every year in the financial reports of the company. Mostly, all the changes are depicting about the better performance and good result about the company. The calculations have been given into the appendix. Further, the study has been done over the industry and the position of the company in the industry. According to the insurance industry of UAE, it has been found that the positive changes are taken place into the performance of the industry. Earlier, this industry has faced various losses and due to which the performance of all the companies which are operating into this industry has been affected. But with the time, various positive changes have taken place into the position and the performance of the industry and thus the company position has also been improved (Index, 2017). The study over the company and the industry, cumulatively depict that the performance and the position has been way better in last few years and thus it is expected by the company to enhance and manage the better position in the market. Conclusion: Through the above study, it has been analyzed that various positive changes have taken place into the position of the company and due to which the performance of the company has also been improved. Through the financial analysis over the company, it has been concluded that the performance of the company is becoming better day by day. The current position of the company is not that much good but according to the last year, performance and the profitability position of the company has been improved. References: Morningstar. (2017). NATIONAL TAKAFUL COMPANY. Retrieved from https://financials.morningstar.com/income-statement/is.html?t=WATANIAregion=are available as on 6th Nov 2017. ADX. (2017). NATIONAL TAKAFUL COMPANY. Retrieved from https://www.adx.ae/English/Pages/default.aspx available as on 6th Nov 2017. Home. (2017). NATIONAL TAKAFUL COMPANY. Retrieved from https://takaful.ae/en/about-us/overview/ available as on 6th Nov 2017. Index (2017). Insurance industry. Retrieved from https://www.takaful.ae/english/index.aspx available as on 6th Nov 2017. Weygandt J., Kimmel P., Kieso D. (2009). Managerial Accounting:Tools for business decision making. John Wiley sons. Warren C., Reeve J. Duchac J. (2011). Financial and Managerail Accounting. Cengage Learning. Heisinger K. (2009). Essentials of Managerial Accounting. Cengage learning. Girling P. (2013). Operational Risk Management. John Wiley sons. Ansari S. (2004). Management Accounting: A Strategic Focus. Houghton Mifflin College Devision.

Mandelas Leadership

Executive summary Mandela is one of the greatest leaders of the twentieth century. By the turn of the millennium, Mandela had become a household name because of his success in ending apartheid in South Africa. Not only did he successfully lead South Africa in the fight against apartheid, but he also united people of different races after he became President, and thereby prevented civil war in South Africa.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Mandela’s Leadership specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Mandela is also one of the most selfless leaders the world has ever seen. During his term in office, which ran until 1999, he never misused power. Instead, he sought to empower the masses by exemplifying cohesion. He forgave his tormentors and urged the South African public to live in harmony with one another regardless of their race. After one term, he left office and became the first African leader to do so. His succ ess as a leader can be attributed to the fact that he was a charismatic, transformative and democratic leader. Introduction Nelson Mandela is indubitably a revolutionary leader. The transformative aspects of his leadership brought changes that are treasured by South Africa two decades after the country’s independence. He remarkably negotiated for the end of apartheid and persuaded the South African public to forgive each other and live in harmony despite their racial differences. He left office after only one term as President, paving way for other leaders. Mandela never misused power while in office, a fact that explains why he never held to it in the first place. He used his power to better the lives of the public in South Africa and set an example of selfless leadership. Mandela’s effectiveness in leadership can be attributed to his personal traits and decisive selection of good leadership styles. He is a charismatic and democratic leader. His leadership is also tra nsformative in nature because he transformed the mindset of the public. He ended apartheid, ushered in democracy and promoted a cohesive government, a feat that was seemingly unachievable during the years of apartheid. This paper analyses Mandela’s leadership styles and investigates his use of power.Advertising Looking for report on biography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Mandela’s leadership style and behaviour In his fight against apartheid and during his advocacy for democracy, Mandela always used the charismatic leadership style. In leadership studies, charisma is defined as a quality that differentiates the person who possesses it from others, giving him/her unrivalled persuasive power (Dalglish Miller 2010). Mandela’s charismatic leadership had a touch of democracy. A democratic leader engages followers in discussions and encourages interactions among the followers with the aim of reaching consen sus in decision making (Ripka 2007). It is however important to note that without certain traits, a leader cannot successfully adopt the charismatic and democratic styles of leadership. Charismatic leaders are particularly good in persuasion, speech and organizing (Rabinowitz 2013). They are honest, open minded and they have good listening skills. Mandela was the kind of leader who could listen to an argument for hours without making a comment and later help the people involved to reach consensus. He â€Å"is legendary for listening to all sides of the argument, taking guidance and then offering his analysis† (Curnow 2011, p. 1). He sometimes made proposals, which he gladly accepted as unfeasible if other people made him realise so. For instance, he once proposed voting age to be brought down to fourteen in South Africa. After public backlash on the proposal, he gave up on it. These are some of the qualities of a charismatic and democratic leader. Mandela’s experiences in the hands of the minority government had made him synonymous with the anti-apartheid movement. He found himself being the unquestionable leader of anti-apartheid groups across South Africa. In addition to this, Mandela was the symbolic leader of a myriad of liberation movements that were established during the fight against apartheid. He became the story through which people were made to understand the evil nature of apartheid (O’Fallon 2012). This status was a delicate affair for Mandela, who could have easily lost the confidence of the people if he adopted a poor leadership style. However, Mandela is intelligent and he possesses a sociable charisma that enabled him to connect well with the masses as well as the oppressive administration. Mandela also believes in non-violence and thus â€Å"his weapons were those of persuasion not of guns and bolts.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Mandela’s Leadership specifically for you for onl y $16.05 $11/page Learn More He was not a revolutionary bent upon seizing power. His ambition was higher, to convince all South Africans to embrace reconciliation, fairness and learn to live in harmony† (Bray n.d., p. 1). Mandela used dialogue and consensus to solve issues. These are important aspects of any democracy, and the leader of the democracy must be good in nurturing them. One of the reasons for Mandela’s success in leadership is his understanding of the fact that in South Africa, democracy could not be achieved without reconciliation. Additionally, he knew that justice was not achievable without peace. Mandela was ready to pursue whatever means to liberate the South African public, but being a wise man, he knew he had to follow Mahatma Gandhi’s example of non-violence. Upon this realization, Mandela employed his political cunning, charm and farsightedness to achieve a dream for which he had been imprisoned for decades (Carlin 2013). This shows his charismatic leadership because he was able to control himself in order to realize his dream of a peaceful South Africa where people of different races lived together in harmony. Mandela’s transformative and transactional leadership Transformative aspects of Mandela’s leadership Leaders are often encountered with the need to change the status quo. Some qualities are a must for transformative leaders. The first is charisma. The leader needs to â€Å"have vision and a sense of mission† (Dalglish Miller, 2010, p. 140). The leader has the confidence, respect and loyalty of his/her followers. This kind of framework ensures that the transformative aspects of the leader are fully realized. Mandela was such a leader. Mandela’s vision of â€Å"a beautiful South Africa† (Le 2009, p. 1) had profound effects on governance in South Africa. The vision actually resulted in a changed nation, after the Mandela influenced the public to share his vision. Tr ansformative leadership is all about realizing change that has been envisioned before the realization (Shields 2010), and thus Mandela was rightfully a transformative leader. Dalglish and Miller (2010) state that transformative leaders are more likely to be successful if they are inspirational. â€Å"Part of the inspiration derives from communicating a vision with fluency and confidence† (Dalglish Miller 2010). By appealing to supporters and supporting them emotionally, a leader is able to inspire his/her supporters to exceed the expectations they initially had. The leader must be a skilful communicator like Mandela was. Mandela was among the few leaders who are capable of inspiring audiences beyond their country. â€Å"Few others would have managed to unite the disparate warring parties and steer South Africa from what seemed to be the brink of civil war† (Nelson Mandela 2013, p. 1). The cohesive transformation brought by Mandela was one of his most remarkable accomp lishments.Advertising Looking for report on biography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Lastly, transformational leaders offer personal attention to their followers and support them in the steps they take to realize their mission (McDowelle 2009). Mandela was such a leader. While in prison, he devised new communication methods that helped in organizing for hunger strikes. The strikes led to better living conditions in the prison. However, the most transformative aspect of Mandela’s leadership was his leadership against apartheid, and the subsequent reconciliation. Transactional aspects of Mandela’s leadership In a transactional leadership, there is an exchange between the leader and followers (Lai 2011). The transaction does not have to be composed of pre-defined valuables, but rather the leader gets something he/she needs and his/her followers also get something they need. However, the transaction must be acceptable to both parties (Dalglish Miller 2010). In Mandela’s case, he offered the public with inspiration and vision, which turned them from ordinary to extra-ordinary. Mandela also saved South African masses from the polarization that had threatened their peace for long. He shared his vision of peace in multicultural communities and set an example not only to South Africans, but also to the world. His Gandhi-inspired belief in non-violence has also been treasured by South Africans and the world because it is arguably the reason South Africa did not descend into civil war. The masses on the other hand, offered Mandela companionship in the fight against the apartheid government. After election into office, the South African public offered Mandela unwavering support that increased his confidence and made him more determined to serve his country (Baale 2013). Mandela’s use of power The most remarkable aspect of Mandela’s leadership is perhaps his use of power for the good of the public, and his lack of greed for power. During the fight against apartheid, Mandela remarkably used his intellectual and political power to influence the administration until it gave him a chance to implement his vision of reconciliation, protection of property, protection of human rights and the rule of law. This was accomplished after the minority government gave in to the demands for a democratically elected government in the year 1994. Instead of holding on to power after being elected President, Mandela sought to empower the public (Le 2009). Mandela’s style of managing power is proof of his transformative leadership skills. Lowe, Kroech and Sivasubramaniam (1996, p. 407) state that a â€Å"transformational leader, through intellectual stimulation, instils feelings of power in followers to attain higher goals through socialized power rather than the pure charismatic leader who attempts to exert dominance and subjugate followers through personalized power†. Mandela used his visionary power, charm and negotiation skills to win the confidence of the minority government, which eventually agreed t o voluntarily give up power. Among his powers were expert and referent power that he utilized well as he led South Africa in the fight against apartheid. Mandela was a trustworthy individual who could easily convince his opponents, both in political circles and in prison, to follow his ideals. He remarkably used his intellect and charm to negotiate with prison warders for better living conditions. After he won the subsequent 1994 elections with two-thirds of the votes, he used his power to reconcile the people who had previously been fighting, a step that led to worldwide peace efforts. â€Å"Unlike dictators and so many populist Presidents, he left office after only one term. He showed no love for power, only a fearless commitment to the most noble of values, which he celebrated even in the most terrible of times† (Bray n.d., p. 1). This decision has earned Mandela the respect of world leaders, as he showed no greed for power because he did not misuse power during his term i n office. It is common knowledge that Presidents who hold on to power do so to protect themselves from prosecution for abuse of the power bestowed upon them. Mandela’s knowledge and skills gave him influential power over South African populace. Mandela had graduated from the University with a degree in Law and he enjoyed political power because of his tenure as the ANC (African National Congress) leader. Mandela also enjoyed prestige power because he was a member of the South African elite before his political endeavours (Read 2010). The aforementioned power would prove helpful to Mandela even in prison. As mentioned above, he used his political power in prison to rally support against poor living conditions (Le 2009). Mandela’s power management skills are arguably the reason he succeeded in leading South Africa against apartheid and in becoming the global icon he is today. Conclusion Mandela is arguably the greatest leader alive. He is famously known for leading the f ight against apartheid in South Africa, and subsequently reconciling the public when he was elected President. During his politicking days, Mandela showed transformative, democratic and charismatic leadership styles. He is a gifted individual who used his persuasive power to get the approval of both the public and the apartheid administration. Mandela is open minded, honest and a good listener. These qualities made him a successful charismatic and democratic leader during the fight against apartheid. He is also confident and good in speech, qualities that indubitably make him the great leader he is. He remarkably encouraged people from different racial backgrounds in South Africa to live in harmony with each other, and thereby avoided a civil crisis. He embraced his tormentors and encouraged the masses to emulate his forgiveness. He became synonymous with the struggle against apartheid because he was the central figure and the leader of the anti-apartheid movement. After serving onl y one term as President, Mandela handed over power, becoming the first African leader to do so. Reference List Baale, L 2013, Valuable Leadership Lessons From Nelson Mandela, viewed on http://www.leadership.ng/nga/columns/50686/2013/03/23/valuable_leadership_lessons_nelson_mandela_2.html Bray, R n.d., Nelson Mandela, http://www.capetown.at/letters/mandela.htm Carlin, J 2013, Nelson Mandela’s Legacy, http://www.aucegypt.edu/gapp/cairoreview/pages/articledetails.aspx?aid=69 Curnow, R 2011, Mandela’s Leadership Lessons, http://business.blogs.cnn.com/2011/07/21/mandela%E2%80%99s-leadership-lessons/ Dalglish, C Miller, P 2010, Leadership: Understanding its Global Impact, Tilde University Press, Australia. Lai, A 2011, ‘Transformational-Transactional Leadership Theory’, AHS Capstone  Projects, Paper 17, http://digitalcommons.olin.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1013context=ahs_capstone_2011 Le, T 2009, Leadership Style: Nelson Mandela Vs Adolf Hitler, ht tp://articles-book.com/Article/Leadership-Style–Nelson-Mandela-Vs-Adolf-Hitler/377375 Lowe, K, Kroeck, K Sivasubramaniam, N 1996. ‘Effectiveness correlates of transformational and transactional leadership: A meta-analytic review of the MLQ literature’, The Leadership Quarterly, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 385-415, http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/uncg/f/K_Lowe_Effectiveness_1996.pdf McDowelle, J 2009, ‘A Contemporary Consideration of Transformative Leadership’,  Journal of Curriculum and Instruction, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 1-5, East Carolina University, DOI 10.3776/joci.2009.v3n2p1-5 Nelson Mandela: Leader Among leaders 2013, http://www.southafrica.info/mandela/mandela.htm#.UW5NkRdHLsQ O’Fallon, S 2012, Nelson Mandela and Unitive Leadership, http://integralleadershipreview.com/7460-nelson-mandela-and-unitive-leadership Rabinowitz, P 2013, Styles of Leadership, http://ctb.ku.edu/en/tablecontents/sub_section_main_1122.aspx Read, J 2010, ‘Leadership and Pow er in Nelson Mandela’s Long Walk to Freedom’,  Journal of Power, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 317-339, Taylor Francis Online, DOI 10.1080/17540291.2010.524792 Ripka, J 2007, Nelson Mandela and His Leadership Style, http://www.personal.psu.edu/users/j/m/jmc441/NelsonMandela.htm Shields, C 2010, ‘Transformative Leadership: Working for Equity in Diverse Contexts’, Educational Administration Quarterly, vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 558-589, Sage Journals, DOI 10.1177/0013161X10375609 This report on Mandela’s Leadership was written and submitted by user Emery Yang to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.